Encyclopedia of Islam

Further reading: Peter Heine, Food Culture in the Near 

East, Middle East, and North Africa (Westport, Conn.: 

Greenwood Press, 2004); Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, 

Healing with the Medicine of the Prophet. Translated by 

Jalal Abual Rub (Riyadh: Darussalam, 2003); Claudia 

Roden,  The New Book of Middle Eastern Food (New 

York: Random House, 2001); Maxime Rodinson, A. 

J. Arberry, and Charles Perry, Medieval Arab Cookery

(Devon, U.K.: Prospect Books, 2001); David Waines, 

In a Caliph’s Kitchen (London: Riad El-Rayyes, 1989); 

Sami Zubaida and Richard Tapper, eds., A Taste of Time: 

Culinary Cultures of the Middle East (London: Tauris 

Parke Paperbacks, 2001).

free will and determinism

  See a

shari

 s

chool

; 

fate

; m

utazili

 s

chool

; 

theology

.

fundamentalism

  See i

slamism

; 

politics

 

and

 i

slam

; 

w

ahhabism

.