Encyclopedia of Islam

Europe

  

219  J

---

cultural confrontation. Veiling and the status of 

Muslim W

omen

 in secular society have been par-

ticularly divisive issues. To varying degrees, Euro-

pean societies have discriminated against Muslim 

immigrants and citizens, which was a factor behind 

the eruption of riots in French cities in 2005. One 

of the Al-Qaida cells involved in the 9/11 attacks 

on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 

2001 was based in Hamburg, Germany. As a con-

sequence of cultural animosities and recent wars 

in a

Fghanistan

, i

raq

, and Israel-Palestine, radical 

Islamic groups have launched terrorist attacks on 

civilian targets in Madrid and London.

See also 

anti

-s

emitism

; c

hristianity

 

and

 i

slam

; 

J

anissary

; J

Udaism

 

and

 i

slam

; 

secUlarism

; s

UFism

.

Linda G. Jones and Juan E. Campo