Encyclopedia of Islam

Further reading: Jonathan P. Berkey, The Transmission of 

Knowledge in Medieval Cairo: A Social History of Islamic 

Education (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 

1992); Noura Durkee, “Recited from the Heart.” Saudi 

Aramco World 51 (May/June 2000): 32–35; George 

Makdisi, The Rise of Colleges: Institutions of Learning in 

Islam and the West (Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh 

Press, 1981); Roy Mottahedeh, Mantle of the Prophet

(New York: Random House, 1985); Charles Michael 

Stanton, Higher Learning in Islam: The Classical Period, 

a

.

d

. 700–1300 (Savage, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 

1990); Gregory Starrett, Putting Islam to Work: Educa-

tion, Politics, and Religious Transformation in Egypt

(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).