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Organization of information and communication technologies components.
Information systems (IS) are formal, sociotechnical, organizational systems
designed to collect, process, store, and distribute information. In a sociotechnical
perspective, information systems are composed by four components: task, people,
structure (or roles), and technology.
The computer age introduced a new element to businesses, universities, and
a multitude of other organizations: a set of components called the information
system, which deals with collecting and organizing data and information. An
information system is described as having five components.
Computer hardware.
This is the physical technology that works with information. Hardware can
be as small as a smartphone that fits in a pocket or as large as a supercomputer that
fills a building. Hardware also includes the peripheral devices that work with
computers, such as keyboards, external disk drives, and routers. With the rise of
the Internet of things, in which anything from home appliances to cars to clothes
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will be able to receive and transmit data, sensors that interact with computers are
permeating the human environment.
A computer is an elektronic machine that processes data. Information given
to the computer is called data. Computer works very fast. It saves your time and
energy. It does not make mistakes. It can remember a lot of things. The basic parts
of a computer are shown in the picture given here.
Computer software.
The hardware needs to know what to do, and that is the role of software.
Software can be divided into two types: system software and application software.
The primary piece of system software is the operating system, such as Windows or
iOS, which manages the hardware’s operation. Application software is designed
for specific tasks, such as handling a spreadsheet, creating a document, or
designing a Web page.
System programs provide an environment where programs can be developed
and executed. In the simplest sense, system programs also provide a bridge
between the user interface and system calls. In reality, they are much more
complex. For example, a compiler is a complex system program. The system
program serves as a part of the operating system.
When we say “computers” run operating systems, we don’t just mean
traditional desktop PCs and laptops. Your smartphone is a computer, as are tablets,
smart TVs, game consoles, smart watches, and Wi-Fi routers. An Amazon Echo or
Google Home is a computing device that runs an operating system.
For example, on Windows, the File Explorer (or Windows Explorer)
application is both an essential part of the Windows operating system—it even
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handles drawing your desktop interface—and an application that runs on that
operating system.
Familiar desktop operating systems include Microsoft Windows, Apple
macOS, Google’s Chrome OS, and Linux. The dominant smartphone operating
systems are Apple’s iOS and Google’s Android.
There are three types of software: System Software. Application Software.
Utility Software (most of the people include this as a sub-category of application
software)
Application Software
Word processing software.
Spreadsheet software.
Database software.
Education software.
Entertainment software.
Programmes instruments.
All software utilizes at least one hardware device to operate. For example, a
video game, which is software, uses the computer processor (CPU), memory
(RAM), hard drive, and video card to run. Word processing software uses the
computer processor, memory, and hard drive to create and save documents.
Hardware is what makes a computer work. A CPU processes information
and that information can be stored in RAM or on a hard drive. A sound card
provides sound to speakers, and a video card provides an image to a monitor. Each
of these are examples of hardware components.
Telecommunications
.
This component connects the hardware together to form a network.
Connections can be through wires, such as Ethernet cables or fibre optics, or
wireless, such as through Wi-Fi. A network can be designed to tie together
computers in a specific area, such as an office or a school, through a local area
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network (LAN). If computers are more dispersed, the network is called a wide area
network (WAN). The Internet itself can be considered a network of networks.
Telecommunications devices include telephones,
telegraph, radio,
microwave communication arrangements, fiber optics, satellites and the Internet.
Telecommunications is also known as telecom.
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