Electric current

Elektr o'tkazuvchanligi
Elektr o'tkazuvchanligi yoki o'ziga xos o'tkazuvchanlik materialning elektr tokini o'tkazish qobiliyatining o'lchovidir. Elektr potentsial farqi o'tkazgich bo'ylab joylashtirilganda, uning harakatlanuvchi zaryadlari oqadi va elektr tokini keltirib chiqaradi. O'tkazuvchanlik s oqim zichligi J ning elektr maydon kuchi E ga nisbati sifatida aniqlanadi:
Bundan tashqari, o'tkazuvchanligi anizotrop bo'lgan materiallarga ega bo'lish mumkin, bu holda s odatda simmetrik bo'lgan 3 × 3 matritsa (yoki texnik jihatdan 2-darajali tensor).
O'tkazuvchanlik elektr qarshiligining o'zaro (teskarisi) bo'lib, har bir metr uchun SI birliklariga (S•m-1) ega, ya'ni bir metrli kub materialning qarama-qarshi tomonlari orasidagi elektr o'tkazuvchanligi bir Siemens bo'lsa, u holda materialning elektr o'tkazuvchanligi. metr uchun bitta Siemens hisoblanadi. Elektr o'tkazuvchanligi odatda yunoncha s harfi bilan ifodalanadi, lekin ba'zan k yoki g ham ishlatiladi.
Eritmadagi o'tkazuvchanlikni o'lchash uchun odatda EC o'lchagich ishlatiladi.

The electromagnetic force

The force that the electromagnetic field exerts on electrically charged particles, called the electromagnetic force, is one of the fundamental forces, and is responsible for most of the forces we experience in our daily lives. The other fundamental forces are the strong nuclear force (which holds atomic nuclei together), the weak nuclear force and the gravitational force. All other forces are ultimately derived from these fundamental forces.
The electromagnetic force is the one responsible for practically all the phenomena encountered in daily life, with the exception of gravity. All the forces involved in interactions between atoms can be traced to the electromagnetic force acting on the electrically charged protons and electrons inside the atoms. This includes the forces we experience in "pushing" or "pulling" ordinary material objects, which come from the intermolecular forces between the individual molecules in our bodies and those in the objects. It also includes all forms of chemical phenomena, which arise from interactions between electron orbitals.