Ego Is the Enemy



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Ego Is the Enemy by Ryan Holiday

Spruce Goose—which Hughes called the Hercules and which was one of the
biggest planes ever made—took more than five years to develop, cost
roughly $20 million, and flew just a single time for barely a mile, only 70
feet above the water. At his insistence and expense, it then sat in an air-
conditioned hangar in Long Beach for decades at the cost of $1 million a
year. Deciding to double down on the film business, Hughes purchased the
movie studio RKO and produced losses of over $22 million (and went from
two thousand employees to fewer than five hundred as he ran it into the
ground over several years). Tiring of these businesses as he had of the tool
company, he forsook defense contracting and handed it off to executives to
run, where it slowly began to thrive . . . because of his absence.
It would make sense to stop here to avoid belaboring the issue—but that
would risk skipping Hughes’s egregious tax fraud; the plane crashes and fatal


car accidents; the millions he wasted on private investigators, lawyers,
contracts for starlets he refused to let act, property he never lived in; the fact
that the only thing that got him to behave responsibly was the threat of public
exposure; the paranoia, racism, and bullying; the failed marriages; the drug
addiction; and dozens of other ventures and businesses he mismanaged.
“That we have made a hero out of Howard Hughes,” a young Joan Didion
wrote, “tells us something interesting about ourselves.” She’s absolutely
right. For Howard Hughes, despite his reputation, was quite possibly one of
the worst businessmen of the twentieth century. Usually a bad businessman
fails and ceases to be in business anymore, making it hard to see what truly
caused his failures. But thanks to the steady chain of profits from his father’s
company, which he found too boring to interfere with, Hughes was able to
stay afloat, allowing us to see the damage that his ego repeatedly wrought—
to himself as a person, to the people around him, to what he wanted to
accomplish.
There is a scene from Howard’s slow descent into madness that bears
illustrating. His biographers have him sitting naked in his favorite white
chair, unwashed, unkempt, working around the clock to battle lawyers,
investigations, investors, in an attempt to save his empire and to hide his
shameful secrets. One minute he would dictate some irrational multipage
memo about Kleenex, food preparation, or how employees should not speak
to him directly, and then he would turn around and seize upon a genuinely
brilliant strategy to outrun his creditors and enemies. It was as if, they
observed, his mind and business were split in two parts. It was as if, they
wrote, “IBM had deliberately established a pair of subsidiaries, one to
produce computers and profits, another to manufacture Edsels and losses.” If
someone was looking for a flesh-and-blood metaphor for ego and
destruction, it would be hard to do better than this image of a man working
furiously with one hand toward a goal and with the other working equally
hard to undermine it.
Howard Hughes, like all of us, was not completely crazy or completely
sane. His ego, fueled and exacerbated by physical injuries (mostly from
plane and car crashes for which he was at fault) and various addictions, led
him into a darkness that we can scarcely comprehend. There were brief
moments of lucidity when the sharp mind of Hughes broke through—times
when he made some of his best moves—but as he progressed through life,


these moments became increasingly rare. Eventually, ego killed Howard
Hughes as much as the mania and trauma did—if they were ever separate to
begin with.
You can only see this if you want to see it. It’s more attractive and exciting
to see the rebel billionaire, the eccentric, the world renown, and the fame,
and think: Oh, how I want that. You do not. Howard Hughes, like so many
wealthy people, died in an asylum of his own making. He felt little joy. He
enjoyed almost nothing of what he had. Most importantly, he wasted. He
wasted so much talent, so much bravery, and so much energy.
Without virtue and training, Aristotle observed, “it is hard to bear the
results of good fortune suitably.” We can learn from Hughes because he was
so publicly and visibly unable to bear his birthright properly. His endless
taste for the spotlight, no matter how unflattering, gives us an opportunity to
see our own tendencies, our own struggles with success and luck, refracted
back through his tumultuous life. His enormous ego and its destructive path
through Hollywood, through the defense industry, through Wall Street, through
the aviation industry give us a look inside someone who was repeatedly
felled by impulses we all have.
Of course, he’s far from the only person in history to follow such an arc.
Will you follow his trajectory?
Sometimes ego is suppressed on the ascent. Sometimes an idea is so
powerful or timing is so perfect (or one is born into wealth or power) that it
can temporarily support or even compensate for a massive ego. As success
arrives, like it does for a team that has just won a championship, ego begins
to toy with our minds and weaken the will that made us win in the first place.
We know that empires always fall, so we must think about why—and why
they seem to always collapse from within.
Harold Geneen was the CEO who more or less invented the concept of the
modern international conglomerate. Through a series of acquisitions,
mergers, and takeovers (more than 350 in all), he took a small company
called ITT from $1 million in revenues in 1959 to nearly $17 billion in
1977, the year he retired. Some claimed that Geneen himself was an egotist
—in any case, he spoke candidly about the effects that ego had in his industry
and warned executives against it.
“The worst disease which can afflict business executives in their work is
not, as popularly supposed, alcoholism; it’s egotism,” Geneen famously said.


In the Mad Men era of corporate America, there was a major drinking
problem, but ego has the same roots—insecurity, fear, a dislike for brutal
objectivity. “Whether in middle management or top management, unbridled
personal egotism blinds a man to the realities around him; more and more he
comes to live in a world of his own imagination; and because he sincerely
believes he can do no wrong, he becomes a menace to the men and women
who have to work under his direction,” he wrote in his memoirs.
Here we are having accomplished something. After we give ourselves
proper credit, ego wants us to think, I’m specialI’m better. The rules don’t

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