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15. How are teachers currently recruited and placed, and to what extent are language skills considered?
16. How can teachers be placed with consideration for their proficiency in the languages their learners understand?
17. How can technical and financial resources be mobilized to promote teacher professional development for
language groups that may be underrepresented in the teacher workforce?
18. What support is provided to teachers to keep them in the
teaching profession, and to support their instruction
across different language contexts?
2.5
Stakeholder considerations
Several issues related to stakeholder attitudes and involvement in education planning need to be
considered as part of the language planning process (see figure at end of section). First, those
involved in planning should be aware of different stakeholders’ attitudes,
beliefs and vested
interests about different languages (and the groups who speak them), as well as their use for
education provision. For example, some languages may be considered more “prestigious” or
“powerful” than others due to the ethnic groups who speak them, or the functions the languages
play in the country (i.e., as a language of wider communication and/or a language used for
government). However, it is important to remember that the status of the language may stem in
part from exclusionary LOI policy or practice, and a plan for language use in education that
allows for additional languages to be used in schools has the potential to
empower and provide
legitimacy to language/ethnic groups that may previously have been excluded from access to
education (and therefore future work and other opportunities). Additionally, given the ethnic
identity and functions associated
with a language, some language speakers may be opposed to
learning in another group’s language, even if they are proficient in it.
Another factor to consider is the knowledge, beliefs and roles that different stakeholders play
with regard to language learning. For example, some education officials may think instruction in
L1 is not necessary if their own schooling was provided in an L2/Lx. Parents, too, may be
opposed to education in their home languages if they think it impedes their children’s acquisition
of an L2/Lx that they feel is important for them to learn. As a result,
they may be unsupportive of
a plan that provides instruction in familiar languages.
All of these reasons (whether real or only anticipated) are frequently cited as justification to
maintain an ex-colonial language as the LOI and/or not to provide instruction in children’s
familiar languages. They need to be honestly discussed with all stakeholders in order to ensure
that factual information about language use and learning is understood, and so that
attitudes
about languages and their use can be addressed in a way that is acceptable and effective. While
current lack of support for instruction in L1/familiar languages should not be taken as a de facto
reason not to implement it, it is an important consideration for planning. Ultimately, ignoring
stakeholder concerns is costly, in
terms of failure, dropout, and repetition rates if inappropriate
languages are used, as well as the potential failure of a plan for language use in education if
stakeholder concerns are not addressed.
Box 5
contains questions to explore stakeholders’ interest and engagement in planning and
implementing language policy and plans.