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Pure DT does not use any components of a source term, and focuses only on term content. It often includes figurative terms, semantically-dense units and etymologically, historically or socially motivated terms. For example, the figurative term drag-along right can have the following descriptive form in Russian: право мажоритарного акционера принудить других акционеров продать свои акции на тех же условиях (IFC) (pravo mazhoritarnogo akcionera prinudit' drugih akcionerov prodat' svoi akcii na teh zhe uslovijah; L.t.: a right of a majority
shareholder to make other shareholders sell their shares under the same conditions). The Russian term focuses purely on the content of the English term: “a right that enables a majority shareholder to force a minority shareholder to join in the sale of a company” (Investopedia).
Some terms created using DT partially preserve the form of original terms, but additional term elements are used in accordance with Russian grammar, vocabulary and term content, etc. The term борьба с отмыванием денег (bor'ba s otmyvaniem deneg; L.t.: the struggle against (with) money laundry) is obviously based on the term anti-money laundry (IFC). The first element of the English term was described in order to make the term content clearer and to avoid an unwieldy construction. This example represents the Calque and DT method.
To identify the formation methods, which generate a vast amount of terms in the sphere of Corporate Management, we should focus on the specific nature of these terms. Morphological patterns coupled with term formation requirements dictate the rules for term creation in Russian.
For instance, English frequently uses elliptical structures, which are hardly ever found in Russian. Participial constructions as well as constructions with adverbial participles and constructions with prepositions are widely used in Russian; moreover, the language tends to use descriptive patterns. For example, the term buy-out can have the same phonetic form in Russian, as a result of transcription: *бай-аут; however, it cannot be retrieved with the help of Pure Calque, because such a pattern does not exist in Russian. In this respect, the descriptive equivalent with Calque elements seems to be the most relevant group: выкуп контрольного пакета акций компании (vykup kontrol'nogo paketa akcij kompanii; L.t.: the process of buying out the majority stake of a company) (IFC).
The DT and Direct Loan group contains a small number of examples, where descriptive elements are attached to the term elements obtained by the Direct Loan method, e.g. an associate
– ассоциированная компания (IFC) (associirovannaja kompanija; L.t.: associated company).
The Additional or Irrelevant Components group contains the terms which employ extra explanatory descriptive elements, which are usually superfluous. For example, acquisition security right: право на получение поступлений по независимому обязательству
(UNCITRAL-1) (pravo na poluchenie postuplenij po nezavisimomu objazatel'stvu; L.t.: the right to get an influx under an independent obligation). Usually these terms can be substituted by shorter and more precise equivalents, for example, retrieved using Pure Calque: приобретательское обеспечительное право (priobretatel'skoe obespechitel'noe pravo; L.t.: acquisition security right):
“ <…> "обеспеченный кредитор, финансирующий приобретение" означает обеспеченного кредитора, обладающего приобретательским обеспечительным правом;
<…>” (UNCITRAL -3, 2017).
Terms created using DT usually have unstable forms and in time tend to be substituted by more concise variants. At the initial stages descriptive terms can coexist with shorter but less precise terms, created by means of Direct Loan or Calque. The term greenmail has two equivalents: with the descriptive form: корпоративный шантаж (IFС) (korporativnyj shantazh; L.t.: corporate blackmail), and with the same phonetic form: гринмейл (Lingvo).
The detailed explanation of all the DT groups and the detailed analysis of descriptive terms will be provided in the “Case Study”section.
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