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Term Translation as a Basic Method of Corporate Governance Terminology Formation in Russian
All the term creation methods in the sphere of Corporate Governance in the Russian language can be confined to interlingual activity, because most Russian terms are based on the English ones.
The main methods of term-formation as an interlingual activity, i.e. Direct Loan, Calque, and Descriptive Translation can be subdivided into more specific ones. The groups are not strictly delineated, but overlap each other.
The following classification represents specific cases of term formation in the sphere of Corporate Governance in Russian:
Direct loan
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Terms borrowed without assimilation
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Transcription
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Transliteration
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Assimilated terms
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Loan translation or calque
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Pure calque
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Calque and Direct loan
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Calque and constructions with prepositions
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Calque with notes
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Direct Translation Equivalent
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-
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Descriptive translation
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Pure Descriptive Translation
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Descriptive Translation and Calque
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Descriptive Translation and Direct Loan
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Additional or Irrelevant Components
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The Direct Loan method consists of terms borrowed without assimilation comprising transcription and transliteration, as well as assimilated terms. The influence of Russian is very strong on the terms created by means of Direct Loan. The influence of Russian grammar, particularly conventional word-formation processes in the language, exerts an influence on the phonetic and graphic forms of terms. For example, the graphic form of the term registrar was reproduced in Russian. The term was clipped and the suffix “–tor”, common for denoting people belonging to a certain profession, was added: регистратор (registrator) (IFC). Assimilated terms preserve features both of English terms and Russian ones. This is the reason why assimilated and non-assimilated terms were differentiated within the group. As for transcription and transliteration, they only seem relevant to terms borrowed without assimilation, because assimilated terms are partially created with the help of these methods.
The Loan Translation (Calque) group was subdivided into Pure Calque; Calque and Direct Loan; Calque and constructions with prepositions; and Calque with notes. Complex terms are usually created by means of Loan Translation, although some term elements can preserve the phonetic or graphic form of the English term elements, i.e. can be created using Direct Loan. In
most cases, such parts represent assimilated lexical units because they are accompanied by the purely Russian ones. For example, the term аффилированная сторона (affilirovannaja storona) corresponds to the term affiliated party (IFC). The first element of the Russian term partially reproduces both the graphic and the phonetic form of the English one. The suffixes “an-“, “n-“ are used to form adjectives in Russian, the inflexion “–aja” is used for adjectives corresponding to feminine nouns, i.e. here the noun storona (party).
The English language tends to form concise constructions, e.g. it employs attributives. Often the only way to reproduce such constructions in the Russian language is to use prepositions. Constructions with prepositions appear to be between the Calque and DT methods, because their forms are connected to those of English terms and at the same time violate the conciseness requirement. For example, the term Limited Liability Partnership has the following equivalent in Russian: товарищество с ограниченной ответственностью (IFC) (tovarishhestvo s ogranichennoj otvetstvennost'ju, L.t.: a partnership with limited liability). All the elements of the original term were preserved; however, it is impossible to apply Calque to the English concise construction with the two attributives. This is the reason why the preposition was used.
Some terms have been created by means of Calque but their form is so unclear in the target language that they are accompanied by notes. White knight, a frequent term in the English Corporate Governance vocabulary, is not so recognizable in Russian. A note describes the content of the term: белый рыцарь (дружественный потенциальный покупатель акционерной компании) (IFC) (belyj rycar' (druzhestvennyj potencial'nyj pokupatel' akcionernoj kompanii), L.t.: white knight (a friendly potential purchaser of a joint-stock company).
A Direct Translation Equivalent is based on forms already existing in the Russian Language. The elements of the term solvency standing for the “ability to pay all debts” (Collins) were reproduced with the help of Russian lexical units: платёжеспособность (platjozhesposobnost' L.t.: the ability to pay). The form of the term is applicable in general language as well. Its use in Corporate Governance terminology means the extension of its meaning at the expense of the English term.
All the translation methods mentioned above represent conventional techniques. The Descriptive Translation method is a wide-spread phenomenon within the Management field, although it is unwieldy to use and results in indeterminacy of term forms. The study of DT within the field of Business, namely the sphere of Corporate Governance, has been neglected in terminological research. The following sections are devoted to Descriptive Translation within the Corporate Governance Field and most significantly – its classification and usage patterns.
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