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Lecture 2. Comparative Typology as a Branch of Linguistics:Subject Matter, Tasks, Types and Approaches DONE BY: JO’RAYEVA SULTONPOSHSHA Comparative Typology as a Branch of Linguistics 1
- Typology represents an approach or theoretical a framework to the study of the language that contrasts with prior approaches
According to William Croft’s book “Typology and Universals”, the term ‘typology’ is roughly synonymous with ‘taxonomy’/’classification’ and given the following definition:
- Typology is the study of patterns that occur systematically across languages
- Typology is a classification of structural types across languages
Comparative typology is a field of linguistics that studies and classifies languages according to their structural and functional features. Its aim is to describe and explain the common properties and the structural diversity of the world's languages.
From an etymological point of view, the word typology consists of two Greek morphemes: a) typos means ―type‖ and b) logos means ―science‖. Typology is a branch of science, which is typical to all sciences without any exception. In this respect, their typological method is not limited to the sphere of one science. It has a universal rise.
Non-linguistic typology 2
Non-linguistic typology is the subject matter of the sciences except linguistics. It can be political typology, medical, historical, botanic, psychological, mathematical or economic typology as well. General and solitary differences and similarities are typical to all sciences. Some branches isolate systemic comparison into an independent sub-branch within the frames of a more general science:
Comparative psychology first mentioned in the works of Aristotle who described psychological similarities between animals and human beings. One the most well- known representatives of Comparative Psychology was Charles Darwin.
Historical typology analyses historic facts and produces comparative inventory based on the history of each nation/ethnicity to reveal general trends, differences, and similarities. E.g. based on the French revolution of 1848 the major signs of the revolutionary situation were revealed.
Comparative Pedagogy deals with general and distinctive features, development trends and prospective of theory, applied instruction and upbringing methods reveal their economic, social-political and philosophic backgrounds.
Literary criticism of rapid development in the second half of XIX century simultaneously with the development of comparative linguistics. In Russia, the representatives of comparative linguistics were P.M. Samarin, V.M., Jirmunskiy, M.P. Alekseev, N.I. Conrad, I.G. Neupokoeva,
ComparativeTypology and Literary criticism 3
ComparativeTypology and Literary criticism have a number of similarities:
- linguistic comparison deals with identifying universal principles of the comparative description of the systems of national languages. Literary criticism establishes general principles of the typological description of national literature;
- both sciences deal with identifying systemic features and discover typological isomorphism which can be conditioned structurally, genetically and geographically
Typological studies base on materials of representative sampling from many world languages so that the findings and conclusions made on the results of such analysis can be applied to the entire majority of languages (in cases of language universals).
Nowadays many terms are used for defining this very type of science, such as Linguistic Typology, Comparative Typology, and Contrastive Linguistics, Charaxterology and so on. However, with the help of analyzing historical background, we will be able to realize the main notion of this branch of Linguistics.
The most popular definition of the subject matter seems to be Comparative Typology is a branch of General Linguistics, field of a study aiming at identifying such similarities and distinctive features of languages that do not depend on the genetic origin or influence of languages to one another.
Comparative typology shows special interest in the so-called exotic or non- studied languages, e.g. languages of ethnicities of South-East Asia, Africa, Oceanside or American Indian tribes. Still, the data of well-known, expanded and well- studied languages a similar extent become the subject matter of a typological study.
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