Discuss these questions with your partner. Then scan the text quickly to find the answers

The endocrine system
Typically, the nervous system is adapted to convey messages rapidly between specific locations so that quick responses can be made. In contrast, the endocrine system is adapted to carry information from one source to many destinations to bring about long-lasting responses.
The endocrine system consists of a number of glands that secrete hormones (organic chemicals, usually proteins or steroids). The glands of the endocrine system are called endocrine glands or ductless glands because they secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream. Once inside a blood vessel, a hormone is carried in the bloodstream so that it can reach almost any cell in the body. However, each hormone has its own target cells on which it acts. Therefore, although all the hormones are transported together in the bloodstream, each has its own specific effect on the body. In some cases, a target cell has specific receptor molecules on its cell surface membrane which bind the hormone molecule. Once bound onto the membrane, the hormone brings about its response.
Endocrine glands occur at strategic points around the body. Their hormones regulate a wide range of activities, including blood glucose concentration, gastric secretion, heart rate, metabolism, growth rate, reproduction, and water balance.
■ Glossary of essential terms for you to know

N	English term	Russian equivalent
1.	stimulus	зд. раздражитель
2.	single-celled	одноклеточный
3.	multicellular	многоклеточный
4.	effector	нервное окончание; эффектор
5.	mammals	млекопитающие
6.	favourable	благоприятный
7.	sense organs	органы чувств
8.	relatively	относительно; довольно
9.	spinal cord	спинной мозг
10.	characteristic features	отличительные признаки; характерные черты
11.	to transmit nerve impulses	передавать нервные импульсы
12.	the myelin sheath	миелиновая оболочка
13.	ductless glands	железы внутренней секреции
14.	bloodstream	кровоток
15.	blood vessel	кровеносный сосуд
16.	heart rate	пульс (частота сердцебиений)
17.	to respond to stimuli	реагировать на раздражители
18.	cranial nerve	черепно-мозговой нерв
19.	to process information	обрабатывать информацию
20.	to enclose	окружать; окаймлять
21.	insulating material	изолирующий материал
22.	gastric secretion	желудочная секреция

Activity 1
Match the words with their definitions:

Words	Definitions
1. neurones	a) the ability to respond appropriately to stimuli
2. stimuli	b) fibres carrying impulses away from the cell body
3. axons	c) nerve cells which convey information in the form of nerve impulses
4. schwann cells	d) fibres carrying impulses towards the cell body
5. dendrons	f) a thing that produces a reaction in living things
6. sensitivity	g) special supporting cells which produce the myelin sheath

Activity 2
Match words in A with words in B to form word combinations. Make up sentences with them.

A	B
1. favourable	appropriately
2. nervous	information
3. to process	stimulus
4. motor	material
5. target	balance
6. water	system
7. to respond	neurones
8. considerable	environment
9. insulating	cell
10. external	distances

Activity 3
Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text:

1. 
   Nervous systems ____ ____ the simple nerve nets to the nerve system of humans.
   
2. 
   The endocrine system _____ ____ a number of glands.
   
3. 
   Endocrine glands ____ ____ strategic points ____ the body.
   
4. 
   The CNS ____ ____ an integration centre and processes information from many sources.
   
5. 
   In large multicellular animals ____ ____ mammals, stimuli are detected in sense organs.
   
6. 
   In mammals, there are two ____ systems that convey information: the nervous system and the endocrine system.
   
7. 
   ____ ____ the main nerve fibre, there may be small dendrons (dendrites) extending from the cell body.
   
8. 
   Sensitivity, the ability to respond appropriately to stimuli, is one of the ____ ____ of life.
   
9. 
   All living organisms must be able to ____ changes in their environment and respond ____.
   
10. 
    Responses usually ____ the coordinated actions of many different parts of the body.
    

Activity 4
Answer the following questions. Use all information given before.

1. 
   What is sensitivity?
   
2. 
   What do all animal nervous systems consist of?
   
3. 
   Why are ductless glands called so?
   
4. 
   What is the difference between sense organs and effectors?
   
5. 
   What is CNS? What does it consist of?
   
6. 
   What are two major systems that convey information in mammals?
   

Lesson 36. The Cardiovascular System
Discussion
1. Look at the picture and translate the names of the parts of the
cardiovascular system.
2. Which cardiovascular diseases do you know?
3. What increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases? And what decreases
this risk?


Read the given text and make your essential assignments.
Heart Beat: Music May Help Keep Your Cardiovascular System in Tune
Could a regular dose of Pavarotti or Queen do your body good?

Music may calm the savage beast or, at least, make the workday seem

shorter. A new study now adds cardiovascular healthto the list of music's potential
benefits, suggesting it can directly trigger physiological changes that modulate
blood pressure, heart rate and respiration.
"Musicinduces a continuous, dynamic—and to some extent predictable—
change in the cardiovascular system," said Luciano Bernardi, a Professor of
medicine at the University of Pavia in Italy and lead author on the paperpublished
in the journal Circulation, in a statement. Understanding the mechanisms of how
swelling crescendos and deflating decrescendos affect our physiology, he suggests,
could lead to potential new therapies for stroke and other conditions.
Bernardi and his colleagues had previously found that changes in the
cardiovascular and respiratory systems mirrored musical tempo. To extend this
knowledge to the body's response to changing rhythms, they enlisted 24
volunteers—half experienced singers, the remainder with no musical training.
While participants listened to five random selections of Beethoven, Bach,
Puccini and other classical artists as well as a two-minute segment of silence,
monitors recorded physiological signals. The researchers found that selections with
crescendos, especially those with a series of them (think: Queen's Bohemian
Rhapsody), led to proportional constriction of blood vessels and increases in blood
pressure, heart rate and respiration. These measures decreased during decrescendos
and silent periods. The team also found that "rich" music phrases around 10
seconds long, like those rhythms from famous arias by Verdi, caused heart rate and
other parts of the cardiovascular system to synchronize with the music. Both
groups experienced this entrainment, although the musicians showed a stronger
response.
These results, Bernardi says, indicate that music's effects go beyond a
patient's head. "It is not only the emotion that creates the cardiovascular changes,"
he notes, "but this study suggests that also the opposite might be possible." He
believes the boosts in mood—including those pleasurable "chills"—triggered by
music might also be a side effect of a physiological reaction.
Connie Tomaino, the executive director and co-founder of the Institute for
Music and Neurological Functionin New York City, has seen evidence of this
mechanism in her own clinical practice. "The study hints at the possibility that
some of these entrainment mechanisms act at the subconscious level," Tomaino
says. "There's enough clinical evidence out there that shows this is true." She notes
that even people in semivegetative states show respiratory changes when music is
played.
Bernardi's study is limited by a small sample size and uniformity between
participants—all were healthy Caucasians between the ages of 24 and 26. The
authors suggest further research is needed to confirm and generalize their findings
to the wider population and to other types of music.
Meanwhile, Tomaino finds Bernardi's study "really nicely supports previous
inferences" into the science of music. (She is a consultant for a
new documentaryairing tonight on PBS called "The Music Instinct: Science and
Song," featuring an array of musicians including jazz, pop and rap and how they
affect human mind and body.) She points to a paper published earlier this year that
found a developing fetus is already equipped with the ability to distinguish changes
in sound patterns, presumably in order to interpretand learn from the world around
them. "We're prewired to be receptive to rhythm," Tomaino says. So, scaramouch,
do the fandango.


Activity 1
Answer the questions:
1. Which cardiovascular diseases can music prevent?
2. Describe the effect on music on cardiovascular system
3. What another system does music effect too?


Activity 2
Complete the description with the words from the box.
vessels, coronary arteries, heart attack, hypertension

The coronary blood _____ surrounding the heart have derived their name

from the fact that they encircle the heart like a crown, or corona. These vessels
transport almost a half pint of blood every minute over the surface of the heart.
Any sudden blockage of one of the ____ _____ deprives that section of the heart of
its blood supply. Cardiac cells die, heart contractions may cease, and circulation
may come to a standstill. If a coronary artery is completely plugged, the condition
is called a coronary occlusion or ___ ____. The vascular pathologic disorder itself
has been very variable. If the obstruction is only partial or in one of the smaller
coronary tributaries, prompt treatment often leads to the individual's recovery. An
occlusion in main coronary arteries is very seriousand may cause sudden death.
Other causes of the coronary disease include heavy physical exercise, aging,
dietary habits, obesity, smoking, or ________.


Activity 3
Fill in the gaps with the words:fortunately, approximately, also
1…, the great majority of coronary disease patientsrecover and are able to
lead active, useful lives if they receive proper treatment under good medical
supervision.
2. ... one fourth of all deaths in the world resultfrom coronary artery disease.
3. …it is estimated that more than one out of everyten persons suffers some
degree of insufficiency of blood supply to the heart.