Identify the part of speech
Before you guess the meaning of the new vocabulary, you need to know how it
functions in the sentence. Is it an action (a verb)? Is it a thing or a person (a noun)? Is it
trying to describe something (an adjective)? Is it trying to describe an action (adverb)?
You can also use your knowledge of word roots, especially suffixes, to guess its part of
speech. That will be practiced later.
Practice: Guess the part of speech of the word in bold.
Apollo played on his lyre and the Muses sang.
He broke a twig off the tree and started writing in the dirt with it.
During the meeting, the secretary documented all important discussion topics and
later emailed the notes to all workers in the office.
There is empirical evidence that shows that human activity is contributing to global
warming.
There’s no doubt it was a hate crime–he walked into a predominantly black church
and started shooting.
Does the sentence make sense if you replace the new word with a synonym or a
general guess?
If you don’t know the meaning of some new vocabulary, try replacing it with a
synonym and see if it continues to make sense. Also, do not feel that you have to guess or
know immediately exactly the meaning of the new word. Sometimes it’s just as helpful to
be able to guess the general meaning of the new vocabulary. Of course, you can find the
word in a dictionary later to see if your synonym is close to the actual meaning.
Practice: Guess the meaning of the word in bold using a synonym or general topic.
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Lovely purple hydrangeas were in bloom in the gardens.
Yesterday for dinner I had a delicious enchilada.
Apollo played on his lyre and the Muses sang.
The father said to his son, “I do not condone this behavior. You must be punished.
Give me your smartphone now!”
Universal healthcare would naturally increase American’s taxes, but also alleviate
many problems in the current American healthcare system.
Is the new word necessary to understand the sentence?
Although it doesn’t help you remember or guess new vocabulary, a great strategy
to use is to just delete the word if you don’t know it and it doesn’t affect your understanding
of the sentence, especially if you tried using a synonym and it doesn’t seem to fit well.
Skip the word and see if you still understand what is happening in the reading. If you still
understand, then keep going! Don’t come back unless you see the word repeated. Then
you might want to try to guess the word or use a dictionary to find the meaning.
Practice: Is the word in bold necessary or unnecessary to understand the sentence?
The mayor is vehemently against Trump’s travel ban.
This is undoubtedly one of the most difficult presidencies in American history.
If you have ever been in a museum of Western art, you will have seen many
beautiful paintings and sculptures about these stories.
When Zeus was grown, he fed his father a drugged drink. It caused Cronus to vomit,
throwing up Rhea’s other children and the stone.
He found ready and unanimoussupport from the nine countries.
Does the sentence explain the meaning of the new word?
Many times, especially in academic course textbooks, the author expects the reader
may not be familiar with special vocabulary. In these cases, they may add the definition
of the word in the sentence or the next one. This is one of the easiest strategies to use.
There are several ways writers might do this, specifically with punctuation:
X is Y (defenestration is the act of throwing someone out of a window)
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X, that is / i.e., Y (defenestration, that is, the act of throwing someone out of a
window)
X, or Y (defenestration, or the act of throwing someone out of a window)
X, which means Y (defenestration, which means the act of throwing someone out
of a window)
X (Y) (defenestration (the act of throwing someone out of a window))
X -Y (defenestration – the act of throwing someone out of a window)
Practice: Find the definition in the sentence for the word in bold.
The monomyth, or hero’s journey, is a common story type where a hero goes on a
quest towards a goal.
Being aware of language learning strategies can enhance, that is, improve, your
language learning ability.
Opossums are North America’s only marsupials–mammals that carry their young in
a small pouch.
Opossums travel by arboreal locomotion, i.e. by climbing and walking around on
trees.(
https://iagtm.pressbooks.com/chapter/learning-vocabulary-in-context/
)
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UNDERSTANDING VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT
To get at the meaning of an unknown word, use the context (or surroundings) of the
word. There are 4 types of context clues: examples, synonyms, antonyms, and general
sense of the passage (scroll to the bottom of page to see answers.).
(
https://www.cerritos.edu/reading/vocabulary-in-context-tutorial.htm
)
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1. EXAMPLES:
1. To cheer up the hallway, Rachel embellished her children’s bedroom doors. She
painted colorful circus pictures on her son’s door and pasted seashells on her daughter’s.
Embellished means
a. replaced c. decorated
b. erased d. recognized
2. People in sedentary occupations, such as driving a taxi or writing books, need to
make a special effort to exercise. Sedentary means
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a. low-stress c. involving much sitting
b. very well-paid d. artistic
3. Our neighbor has an abrasive personality. He can’t seem to get along with people
without frequent outbursts and quarrels. Abrasive means
a. quiet and sweet c. analytical
b. cool d. harsh and rough
2. SYNONYMS:
Some actors are just asadroit in business as they are skilled in performing.
Marie is a meticulous worker, but it’s no surprise—her mother is also extremely
careful and precise.
The mayor and the governor feel the same about each other—he deplores her as
much as she disapproves of him.
3. ANTONYMS:
Jo left her term paper till the last minute and was able to do only cursory research.
In contrast, Ian started his paper in plenty of time; his painstaking, thorough research
earned him an A.
Cursory means
a. hasty c. careful
b. rude d. indirect
2. Nina makes a big fuss about every little thing her children do, whether it’s
harmful or innocuous.
Innocuous means
a. loud c. dangerous
b. stubborn d. harmless
3. Brianna is not self-praising, like her brother; in fact, she’s self-disparaging.
a. encouraging c. knowing
b. to put oneself down d. appealing
4. The General Sense of the Passage:
My old dented car looks incongruous among my neighbors’ fancy new cars.
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Incongruous means
a. useful c. better
b. appropriate d. out of place
2. It isn’t feasible for me to attend the 12:30 meeting because I’ve got another
meeting that begins at noon.
a. correct c. noticeable
b. possible d. difficult
3. It is usually obvious when someone has an egocentric personality. Ms. A, for
instance, can talk of nothing but herself, and Mr. B has no interest in anything that doesn’t
affect him directly.
Egocentric means
a. careless c. caring
b. violent d. self-centered
A
WORD
ABOUT
DEFINITION
AND
EXAMPLE:
(
https://www.cerritos.edu/reading/vocabulary-in-context-tutorial.htm
)
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No matter what course you take, you will most likely have to learn new terms or
vocabulary. For example, if you are in a nursing course, you will need to learn medical
words or terminology. If you are in a political science class, you will learn political terms.
Fortunately, textbook authors usually introduce terms by boldfacing the term, following it
with the definition, and offering one or two examples. The following would be seen in a
psychology text.
Claustrophobia is a fear of being in confined or enclosed places, such as elevators,
classrooms, closets, or small planes.
When studying terms, you should mark up your book as follows: highlight the term,
underline the definition, and circle or box at least one example. Then when you return to
the chapter to study before an exam, the important points will be marked.
Answers:
Examples: 1) c decorated 2) c involving much sitting 3) d harsh and rough
Synonyms: highlighted above
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Antonyms: 1) a hasty 2) d harmless 3) b to put oneself down
General sense of the passage: 1) d out of place 2) possible
Therefore, in order to master a foreign language effectively, a learner must
obtain language competences (lexical) as well as speech (communicative) competence.
Formation of a lexical competence consists in formation and fixation in the consciousness
(mental lexicon) of a trainee of stable associative links between sound (graphic) envelope
of foreign lexical units (words, stable word combinations) and their conceptual content.
On the basis of scientific literature, taking into account educational standards, the
concept of lexical competence was clarified, which is the ability to learn lexical units in
the oral and written text, to work with text material in accordance with the educational
task, to operate with the studied lexicon in the process of communication, to highlight
simple word-formation elements, to use language guessing in a complex text situation in
the process of reading and listening (international and complex words), which allows to
ensure successful mastering of the text.
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