m
m
m
m
m
m
m
Matter at rest
Wave propagation
Wave types
Longitudinal waves
Transverse waves
Tortional waves
Mass
Link/bond
compression
rarefaction
Pressure
Wave motion
Applied force
Figure 3.5
Propagation of waves.
20
Physical Sound
a gas. Points that are compressed push outwards, trying to restore the springy
medium to its original position. Because more compression waves are arriving
behind the wavefront it tends to move forwards into the area of least resistance
where the medium is at uniform density or where it has the greatest degree of
freedom. This forwards movement of the wave is
propagation
.
At the peak of displacement the medium is not moving. Now the elasticity
of the material comes into play. It flexes the points back towards their original
position. The force carried by the wave is equal to the restoring force of the
material. As the restoring force pulls them back the displaced points move so
fast in the opposite direction they’ll overshoot their original position. Where
the restoring force is inversely proportional to the displacement then we get
simple harmonic motion
, as the displaced part swings back and forth around
its rest point.
Wave Types
There are several kinds of waves determined by the directions of movement. As
we just saw, longitudinal waves displace the medium in the same axis as the
wave motion. There are also
transverse
waves that move in a direction perpen-
dicular to the displacement of the medium. Transverse waves are like those seen
on the surface of water.
4
Propagation of transverse waves is easy to see if you
grab one end of a piece of string and shake it: the waves move from the point
of displacement towards the end of the string at rest. Whereas sound waves
travelling through the air move by longitudinal propagation, vibrating solids
like a bell or plate may have either longitudinal or transverse waves happen-
ing. There is also a third, twisting kind of wave. To picture twisting or
torsion
waves imagine spinning a rope ladder. Whenever we talk of sound waves in
air or other fluids, in an
acoustic
context, we mean longitudinal displacement
waves. When talking about vibrations in solids we can either mean transverse
waves or longitudinal waves.
Amplitude
Be careful of this term since there are many units used to quote amplitude and
at least two often confusing variations. The amplitude of a wave is a
measured
quantity at some point. Usually we measure displacement in meters. But we
can choose to measure any property, like presssure or velocity. In all cases it
has both negative and positive magnitudes relative to the rest point. For sound
waves a positive amount corresponds to a compression of the medium and a
negative value to a rarefaction. Regular amplitude is measured between zero
and the peak displacement. The difference between the most positive and most
negative displacement of a wave is called the
range
, or peak to peak amplitude
and is
twice the regular amplitude
.
4. Water waves are actually Rayleigh waves which move in small circles; the effect seen on
the surface is the transverse component of these.
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