Designing Sound


 Other Propagation Effects



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Andy Farnell, Designing Sound (2010)

5.3 Other Propagation Effects
65
2000Hz
500Hz
2000Hz
500Hz
Sound bending around obstacle
Huygens’ principle 
Frequency selective bending
Separation by grating
A
B
C
Most sound
continues straight
Some bends
around
Angle of change
depends on frequency
Radiated as spherical
wave from hole 
Planar wave
Constructive
interference
Figure 5.7
Sound diffraction effects.
some multiple of a particular wavelength, that frequency will interfere con-
structively (be in phase) with the sound of the same wavelength arriving from
another point. We get a “hot spot” or loud area for that frequency. Different
frequencies, and hence different wavelengths, will produce constructive inter-
ference at different listening points. This Fraunhofer diffraction causes sharp
filtering of sound where the wavelength is comparable to the dimensions of a
regular structure. It is noticeable with high frequencies reflected from corru-
gated walls, or with low frequencies, such as those from thunder, against a long
row of houses.
Diffusion
Initially this concept may seem a lot like scattering, but it applies only to
ordinary reflection from large, solid boundaries. A perfectly flat and reflective
surface would obey the ideal reflection rules, with equal incidence and reflec-
tion angles for all frequencies. The opposite would be a perfectly
diffuse
surface
which reflects incident sound of all frequencies in all directions. It is analogous
to light in respect to a glossy (mirror-like) or matte (dull) finish. As you can
picture, an irregular surface would have this property. However, the range of



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