Department of economics couse work from innovation economics theme: models of innovation processes

Table 1 Innovation models evolution in historical perspective

Generation	Innovation model	Period	Autohrs of fundamental ideas	Essence of the model
1	Technology push	1950s-late1960s	Usher (1955)	Linear process
2	Market (need) pull	Late 1960s-first half of 1970s	Myers andMarquis (1969a,b)	R & D on customer wishes
3	Coupling model Interactive model	Second half of 1970s-end of 1980s	Mowery and Rosenberg (1979) Rothwell and Zegveld (1985)	Interaction of different functions Interaction with research institutions and market
4	Integrated model	End of 1980s-early 1990s	Kine and Rosenberg (1986)	Situltaneous process with feedback loops; “Chain-linked model”
5	Networking-model	1990s	Rothwell (1992)	System integration and networks (SIN)
6	Open innovation	2000s	Chesbrough (2003a)	Innovation collaboration and multiple exploitation paths

Types of Innovation Models

First-Generation Innovation Model (1G) – Technology Push

Technology push in the first Innovation model is the result of rapid economic growth from 1950. Nasa developed this as a management tool in the 1960s. They also termed it as ‘Phase-review-processes’.

The idea was to break down complex processes of space projects. It focused on systemizing the work and gaining control over activities.

The Phase-review-processes implies consistent monitoring of each phase. Thus forming a linear sequential process. It focused on pushing technological innovation through extensive research & development.

It was applied at the stage of product research, its engineering, manufacturing & marketing to invent a successful product. As the entire focus was on the development of ideas- it ignored the marketing phase.

The complete emphasis on R&D had a disadvantage of not considering customer feedback and expectations. Thus, the innovations would often get ignored in the market.