Cyber Crime and Cyber Terrorism

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Progress beyond the state-of-the-art
networks is inferior, mainly because of commercial considerations in part because of 
the higher frequencies deployed and the corresponding smaller cell sizes. Moreover, 
networks are likely to suffer capacity constraints at times of high demand, which 
would tend to be the case in the aftermath of major public safety incidents. There 
could be significant benefit in extending the capabilities provided by commercial mo-
bile broadband technologies such as HSPA, LTE, CDMA 2000 EV-DO, and WiMAX 
to the PPDR sector. Adopting such standards within dedicated PPDR spectrum would 
overcome the capacity limitations of commercial networks and also provide scope 
for interoperability with public networks which could facilitate inter-agency com-
munication. Such an approach could also provide economies of scale with only the 
RF modules differing from standard commercial networks. Such technologies would 
be well suited to future application trends discussed earlier.
STATE-OF-THE-ART ON MOBILE COMMUNICATION STANDARD
General PMR standards
Professional Mobile Radio (also known as Private Mobile Radio [PMR] in the UK 
and Land Mobile Radio [LMR] in North America) are field radio communications 
systems which use portable, mobile, base station, and dispatch console radios and are 
based on standards such as MPT-1327, TETRA, TETRAPOL and APCO 25 which 
are designed for dedicated use organizations. Typical examples are the radio sys-
tems used by police forces and fire brigades. Key features of professional mobile 
radio systems can include: Point to multi-point communications (as opposed to cell 
phones which are point to point communications); Push-to-talk, release to listen (a 
single button press opens communication on a radio frequency channel); fast call set 
up; large coverage areas; closed user groups; Use of VHF or UHF frequency bands. 
The most important factor for the effective and successful deployment of PPDR op-
eratives is secure and reliable communication. In an emergency, the reliability of 
the communication system can make the difference between human life and death. 
However, the usefulness of professional mobile radio networks should not be lim-
ited to voice communication, but to be able to send sensitive data and information 
securely and timely. Being able to integrate more sensors (to enable access to more 
high speed critical data) into the PMR terminals would be very beneficial to emer-
gency response and preventive responses.
TETRAPOL
TETRAPOL is a digital Professional Mobile Radio standard, as defined by the Tetrapol 
Publicly Available Specification (PAS), in use by professional user groups, such as 
public safety, military, industry and transportation organizations throughout the world. 
TETRAPOL is a fully digital, FDMA, Professional Mobile Radio system for closed 
user groups, standardizing the whole radio network from data and voice terminal via 
base stations to switching equipment, including interfaces to the Public switched tele-
phone network and data networks. End-to-end encryption is an integral part of the 
standard just as in TETRA. Matra/EADS developed TETRAPOL and delivered an 

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