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References
Earthquake 7.2, Van, Turkey (October 2011):
Major GSM operators in Turkey could manage 
to fix their infrastructures within the first 1-3 h of the earthquake. They also increased capacity of 
their infrastructures through mobile stations to be able to handle the extra load. They provided free 
services in earthquake region. These efforts paid off shortly after by the lives saved using GSM and 
3G connectivity.
• Yalcin Akay (19 years old) was trapped under a collapsed six-story building with a leg injury. 
GSM network was up, and he could call Police emergency line (155). Mr. Akay described his 
position to first response team. He saved himself and three others including two children who 
were trapped under the same building.
• Saydun Gök
ş
in, secretary-general of Turkish Search and Rescue Society (AKUT), told the re-
porters that AKUT teams managed to rescue three people who were trapped under collapsed 
building using information from Twitter. They tweeted. Tweet Location Feature was used to 
pinpoint their exact co-ordinates. Within 2 h, search teams could reach them.
• Families and friends are organized under “hashtags” to inform first response teams about the 
locations of the collapsed buildings and locations about the people they know who might have 
been trapped under these building. This was very critical service for the families all over the 
Turkey whose members are state employees who were serving in the disaster region (e.g., pri-
mary and secondary school teachers, doctors, nurses, soldiers, …).
In the context, we consider three regions in a disaster area in terms of communi-
cation locality: emergency site, first response site, and a local site for additional re-
sources. Each of these regions may have different requirements. For example, 
local site 
for additional resource
may already have an infrastructure to support the operations. 
First response site
may be better organized compared to 
emergency site
which may be 
the most challenging environment for providing resilient, secure and high quality com-
munication service. The objective is to create a framework that can adapt itself based 
on the requirements and available resources in the environment it is operating.
REFERENCES
Chiti, F., Fantacci, R., Maccari, L., Marabissi, D., Tarchi, D., 2008. A broadband wireless com-
munications system for emergency management. Wireless Commun. IEEE 15 (3), 8–14.
Durantini, A., Petracca, M., Vatalaro, F., Civardi, A., Ananasso, F., 2008. Integration of 
Broadband Wireless Technologies and PMR Systems for Professional Communications, 
Networking and Services, 2008. ICNS 2008. In: Fourth International Conference, 16–21 
March 2008, pp. 84–89.
Project MESA, 2001. 
http://www.projectmesa.org
 (accessed January 14).
Salkintzis, A.K., 2002. Wide-Area Wireless IP Connectivity with the General Packet Radio 
Service. Chapter 3, In: Wireless IP and Building the Mobile Internet. Artech House, ISBN: 
1-58053-354-X, pp. 21–39, 2002.
Shogen, K., NHK, 2009. Handbook on EWBS, Technical Department, Asia-Pacific 
Broadcasting Union, June 2009.

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