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Noise
Source-> Encoding-> Message-> Channel -> Receiver -> Decoding -> Receiver Response
Feedback
C
O
N
T
E
X
T
C
O
N
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X
T
44 | Cross Cultural Understanding
1.
Source
: The source is the person with an idea he or she
desires to communicate.
2.
Encoding
. Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans
are not able to share thoughts directly. Your
communication is in the form of a symbol representing
the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the
process of putting an idea into a symbol. The symbols
into which you encode your thoughts vary. You can
encode your thoughts into words, and you can also
encode thoughts into nonspoken symbols.
3.
Message
. The term message identifies the encoded
thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is
the resulting object.
4.
Channel
. The term channel is used technically to refer to
the means by which the encoded message is transmitted.
Today it is called
media.
5.
Noise.
The term noise technically refers to anything that
distorts the message the source encodes. Noise can be of
many forms:
-
External noise can be the sights, sounds, and other
stimuli that draw your attention away from the
message.
-
Internal noise refers to your thoughts and feelings
that can interfere with the message.
Cross Cultural Understanding | 45
-
Semantic noise refers to how alternative meanings
of the source‘s symbols can be distracting
7.
Receiver
. The receiver is the person who attends to the
message. Receivers may be intentional; that is, they may
be the people the source desired to communicate with, or
they may be any person who comes upon and attends to
the message.
8.
Decoding.
Decoding is the opposite process of encoding
and just as much an active process. The receiver is
actively involved in the communication process by
assigning meaning to the symbols received.
9.
Receiver response. It refers to anything the receiver does
after attended to and decoded the message. That response
can range from doing nothing to taking action or actions
that may or may not be the action desired by the source.
10.
Feedback: It refers to that portion of the receiver response
of which the source has knowledge and to which the
source attends and assigns meaning.
11.
Context
. Generally context can be defined as the
environment in which the communication takes place and
which helps define the communication. If you know the
physical context, you can predict with a high degree of
accuracy much of the communication.
46 | Cross Cultural Understanding
Intercultural communication, sometimes used synonymously
with cross-cultural communication, is a form of communication
that aims to share information across different cultures and social
groups. It is used to describe the wide range of communication
processes and problems that naturally appear within an
organization made up of individuals from different religious,
social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds.. In this sense it seeks
to understand how people from different countries and cultures
act, communicate and perceive the world around them. Many
people argue that culture determines how individuals encode
messages, what medium they choose for transmitting them, and
the way messages are interpreted. As a separate notion, it studies
situations where people from different cultural backgrounds
interact
. Aside from language, intercultural communication
focuses on social attributes, thought patterns, and the cultures of
different groups of people. It also involves understanding the
different cultures, languages and customs of people from other
countries. Intercultural communication plays a role in social
sciences such as anthropology, cultural studies, linguistics,
psychology
and
communication
studies.
Intercultural
communication is also referred to as the base for international
businesses.
Generally, in communication, we seek to reduce uncertainty.
Communication with strangers involves relatively greater degrees
of uncertainty, due to the difficulty in predicting a stranger's
Cross Cultural Understanding | 47
responses. We experience uncertainty with regard to the
stranger's attitudes, feelings and beliefs. We are also uncertain of
how to explain the stranger's behavior. Motivation to reduce this
uncertainty is more acute when we expect to have further
interactions with the stranger, or when they are a potential source
of benefit.
We may reduce our uncertainty and increase the accuracy of
our predictions by gaining more information about the stranger.
The increased uncertainty in interactions with strangers is
accompanied by higher levels of anxiety, as we anticipate a wider
array of possible negative outcomes. We may worry about
damage to our self-esteem from feeling confused and out of
control. We may fear the possibility of being incompetent, or
being exploited. We may worry about being perceived negatively
by the stranger. And we may worry that interacting with a
stranger will bring disapproval from members of our own group.
Generally these anxieties can be reduced by paying more
conscious attention to the communication process, and by
gathering more information on the stranger. The authors add a
further caution. Generally, individuals tend to explain their own
behavior by reference to the situation. Observers tend to attribute
an individual's behavior to elements of that individual's character.
When interacting with strangers we are especially likely to
attribute their behavior to their character, and then to view their
character as typical of their culture (or race, etc.). That is, we are
48 | Cross Cultural Understanding
especially likely to interpret a stranger's behavior in light of our
stereotypes about what "those kind of people" are like.
The problems in intercultural communication usually come
from problems in message transmission. In communication
between people of the same culture, the person who receives the
message interprets it based on values, beliefs, and expectations for
behavior similar to those of the person who sent the message.
When this happens, the way the message is interpreted by the
receiver is likely to be fairly similar to what the speaker intended.
However, when the receiver of the message is a person from a
different culture, the receiver uses information from his or her
culture to interpret the message. The message that the receiver
interprets may be very different from what the speaker intended.
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