Copyright 20 13 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd

Prerequisites
The student-reader is expected to have gone through basic level courses in electromagnetism, complex 
algebra, differential calculus and integral calculus. These are covered in the pre-engineering school 
curricula of all boards of senior/higher secondary school education in India.
ACkNOWLEDgEMENTS
I gratefully acknowledge the continued encouragement I received from my friends and colleagues from 
the Department of Electrical Engineering and the Department of Electronics and Communication at 
the National Institute of Technology Calicut, India.
my former students have been a continuous source of motivation for me. I thank them for their nice 
words on my previous work.
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Preface
 
 
xxiii
I thank the team at Pearson Education for their role in shaping this book. In particular, I thank
Mr. Sojan Jose, Ms. R. Vijay Pritha and Mr. C. Purushothaman for their editorial inputs.
The credit for the good things the reader finds in this book goes to my esteemed teachers at
IIT Madras during 1976–83. The faults in this book, if any, are mine.
Suresh Kumar K. S.
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1.1
C i r c u i t  Va r i a b l e s  a n d
C i r c u i t  E l e m e n t s
CHAPTEROBJECTIVES
• To introduce the concepts of electrostatic potential difference, voltage and electromotive force.
• To introduce the concepts of ‘current density’ and ‘current intensity’ and to explain the 
conduction process.
• To explain the ‘quasi-static’ approximation involved in circuit theory.
• To explain the need for and role of quasi-static charge distributions over electrical devices.
• To define and explain various idealized two-terminal element models in use in Circuit Theory.
• To explain passive sign convention for two-terminal elements.
• To relate power and energy in a two-terminal element to its terminal voltage and current 
variables.
• To explain what is meant by ‘lumped, linear, bilateral, passive, time-invariant circuit element’.
• To define and explain four types of linear dependent sources.