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Electric Circuit Analysis by K. S. Suresh Kumar

example: 10.9-1
Find i
x
(t) in the circuit in Fig. 10.9-1 (a). The initial condition in the 0.2H inductor is 1A in the direction 
shown at t
 

0
-
. The circuit elements that create this initial current are not shown in the diagram.






0.2 H
(b)





+


0.2 H
0.5 
u
(
t
)

u
(
t
)
IC
= 1 A
(a)
i
x
Fig. 10.9-1 
Circuit for Example: 10.9-1
Solution
The circuit contains two switched DC sources – a 2V-voltage source and a 0.5A current source. There 
is only one time constant.


10.50
First-Order 
RL
Circuits
Step 1 – Find the time constant 
The independent voltage source is replaced by a short-circuit and the independent current source is 
replaced by an open circuit to get the circuit in Fig. 109-1 (b). The time constant is found by evaluating 
the equivalent resistance across the inductor.
R
eq
Time constant 
0.2H

= +
=

=
=
1 2 2 2
0 1
/ /
,
. s

t

Step 2 – Find the initial value for i
x
at t 

0

The value of voltage source at t 

0

is 2V. The value of current source at t 

0

is 0.5A. The inductor 
current at t 

0

is same as at t 

0
-
since there is no impulse source in the circuit. Hence, inductor is 
replaced by a current source of 1A for t 

0
+
.
The resulting circuit appears in Fig. 10.9-2 (a).

+ 2 



2 V


0.5 A
(a)
i
x
1 A





+
2 V
(b)
i
x




0.5 A
(c)
i
x






1 A
(d)
i
x
Fig. 10.9-2 
Circuits for Step
2 of Example: 10.9-1 
This circuit contains three sources and may be solved by using superposition principle. The three 
circuits in which the sources act one by one are shown in Fig. 10.9-2 (b)-(d). Three contributions to the 
current i
x
may be found from these single-source circuits by simple circuit analysis.
i
t
x
at
A
=
=
+
+
×
+
+
×
+
=
+
0
2
2 2
0 5 2
2 2
1 2
2 2
1 25
.
.
Step 3 – Find the steady-state value of i
x
Both sources in the circuit are DC sources and hence they can be handled together for steady-state 
calculation. The inductor behaves as a short-circuit for DC steady state. Replacing the inductor by 
short-circuit and using the known values of source functions we get the circuit in Fig. 10.9-3 (a).
This circuit involves two sources and can be solved by using superposition principle. The sub-
circuits needed for that is shown in Fig. 10.9-3 (b) and (c).
Steady-state value of 
i
x
=
+
×
+
+
×
=
+
2
2 2 1
1
1 2
0 5 1 2 2
2
0 25 0
/ /
.
/ / / /
.
.1125 0 375
=
.
A

+




2 V


0.5 A
(a)
i
x

+ 2 





(b)
i
x
2 V






0.5 A
(c)
i
x
Fig. 10.9-3 
Circuits for Step 3 of Example: 10.9-1 
Step 3 – Form the total solution and adjust initial condition 
The transient response is of the form A e
-
10 t 
since time constant is 0.1s
i t
Ae
t
x
t
( )
.
;
=
+


+
10
0 375
0
for
initial value of this current at 0 is 1.25A
+

∴ +
=
⇒ =

=
+
A
.
.
A .
i (t)
.
.
e
x
0 375 1 25
0 875
0 375 0 875
10
tt
t
for

+
0


General Analysis Procedure for Single Time Constant 
RL
Circuits 
10.51
The current waveform is shown in Fig. 10.9-4.
We have calculated the required current. We 
obtained the solution in the form of transient 
response 

forced response (or steady-state 
response). However, this form of solution is not 
the appropriate form if we are required to answer 
supplementary questions on the problem. For 
example, can we work out the current if the initial 
condition of inductor is changed to 2A? Or if the 
voltage source value is changed to 5V? We will 
have to rework the problem almost entirely to get 
the answer for that. Note that it is not possible to 
decompose a solution into zero-input response and 
zero-state response components if the solution is available in the transient response 

forced response 
format. However, transient response and forced response can be obtained from the solution in zero-
input response 

zero-state response format. This is where the superiority of zero-input response 

zero-state response approach becomes evident. We work out the same example to see these two 
components in the solution in the next example. 

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