3.36
Single Element Circuits
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
–2
10
–5
–1
10
–5
1
10
–5
2
10
–5
i
S
(
t
)
(A)
t
in
µ
s
i
S
(
t
)
i
C
(
t
)
v
C
(
t
)
C =
10
µ
F
+
–
Fig. 3.5-2
Solution for current source function in Example 3.5-1
The unit given in the vertical axis is Amperes. However, when impulse content is indicated in a
waveform, the value read from vertical axis must be interpreted as magnitude of area-content and unit
must be suitably re-interpreted.
example: 3.5-2
The voltage across a 1000
m
F capacitor with zero initial voltage at
t
=
0
-
is given in Fig. 3.5-3. Find
(i) the applied current waveform, (ii) waveforms of power and energy delivered by the current source,
(iii) time intervals during which the capacitor is delivering energy to the source and (iv) the net energy
delivered by capacitor to the source. Also, explain why the energy delivered
by the source never
becomes negative in this example.
i
S
(
t
)
i
C
(
t
)
v
C
(
t
)
C =
1000
µ
F
+
–
v
C
(
t
)
(V)
t
(ms)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8
6
4
2
Fig. 3.5-3
Circuit and waveform for Example 3.5-2
Solution
(i) The current through a capacitor is given by the first derivative of voltage scaled by the capacitance
value of the capacitor. The voltage waveform contains four straight-line segments followed by
zero value. The slopes of voltage in various intervals are as follows.
Value of slope of capacitor voltage in [0
+
,2
-
]
=
3 V/ms
Value of slope of capacitor voltage in [2
+
,4
-
]
=
-
3 V/ms
Value of slope of capacitor voltage in [4
+
,6
-
]
=
3 V/ms
Value of slope of capacitor voltage in [6
+
,8
-
]
=
-
3 V/ms
Value of slope of capacitor voltage in [8
+
,9]
=
0 V/ms
Multiplying these values by 1mF we get 3A,
-
3A, 3A,
-
3 A and 0A as the value of
current
in the five intervals. Hence, the current source function will be a rectangular pulse waveform as
shown in Fig. 3.5-4 (b).
The Capacitor
3.37
(ii) The power delivered by the current source will be given by the product of
v
C
(
t) and
i
S
(
t). It will
have a waveform containing straight-line segments since
v
C
(
t) contains straight-line segments and
the waveform of
i
S
(
t) is a symmetric rectangular pulse waveform. The power waveform is shown in
Fig. 3.5-4 (c). The power delivered by the source alternates between positive and negative values.
Energy delivered by the current source is given by the running integral of power waveform
from 0
+
. The waveform of delivered energy is shown in Fig. 3.5-4 (d). It is always positive.
(iii) The capacitor is delivering energy to
the current source when the power delivered by the current
source shows a negative value.
Hence, during [2
+
,4
-
] and [6
+
,8
-
] (values indicating time in ms) time intervals the capacitor
delivers energy to the current source.
(iv) The capacitor had an initial voltage of 0V and it ends up with 0V. Therefore, the net
change
in stored energy of capacitor is zero. There is no other element in the circuit that can store or
dissipate energy. Hence, the net energy delivered by the current source also must be zero.
The capacitor in this example started with zero voltage initially. Hence, the initial energy stored in it
is zero. Capacitors can only store energy and they can not generate or dissipate energy. They can store
energy temporarily and give it back to other elements later. Therefore, energy function of a capacitor is
always zero or positive-valued. An electrical element with an energy function,
E t
v t i t dt
t
( )
( ) ( )
=
−∞
∫
that
is
≥
0 for all
t is
called a passive element and capacitor is one such passive element.
A capacitor can give back more energy to a source than it received from it, even temporarily, only
if it already had some energy in store before the source started acting on it. In this example,
C had no
such initial energy. Hence, the source can not receive more than what it gave. Therefore, the value of
energy delivered by the source will never be negative in this circuit.
v
C
(
t
) (V)
t
(ms)
(a)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8
6
4
2
i
S
(
t
) (A)
t
(ms)
(b)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3
–3
p
(
t
) (W)
t
(ms)
(c)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
18
9
–9
–18
E
(
t
) (mJ)
t
(ms)
(d)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
18
–18
Fig. 3.5-4
Waveforms for Example 3.5-2: (a) capacitor voltage (b) capacitor current
(c) power delivered by source (d)
energy delivered by source
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