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  Passive Sign convention



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Electric Circuit Analysis by K. S. Suresh Kumar

1.6.1 
Passive Sign convention
Current in a wire has a direction associated with it. The actual direction associated with a current – i.e., 
the current direction – is the direction in which positive charges move.
Consider a wire section A 

B with a cross-section identified at C as in Fig. 1.6-2. Four possible 
kinds of charge motion are depicted in (a) to (d) in this figure. The direction of current in (a) and (d) 
is from left to right (from A to B). This is so since negative charge crossing a cross-section in one 
direction is equivalent to positive charge crossing the same cross-section in opposite direction. The 
direction of current in (b) and (c) is from right to left (from B to A) for the same reason.
However, it is not possible to decide the direction in which current will flow in an element that is 
a part of a circuit before we actually solve the circuit analysis problem. The actual direction in which 
positive charge flow through the element can be ascertained only after the circuit solution is obtained. 
But, despite this we need to assume some direction for current flow in each and every element in a 
circuit so that we can prepare the circuit equations needed for solving the circuit.
This is where the ‘reference direction for current’ comes in. We assign a particular direction along 
the element as the reference direction for current. That is, we assume that positive charge moves 
through the element in the direction chosen as the reference direction even before we arrive at the 
circuit solution. The circuit solution will either confirm our assumption or reveal to us that actual 
current direction is opposite to the direction we assumed. If the circuit solution returns a positive 
value for the element current, then positive charge flows through the element in the assumed reference 
direction (or negative charge flows in opposite direction). If the circuit solution results in a negative 
value for the element current, then positive charge flows in a direction opposite to reference direction 
(or negative charge flows in the reference direction).
Fig. 1.6-1 

Anidealtwo-terminal
element
+

v
(
t
)
i
(
t
)
Fig. 1.6-2 
Pertainingtothediscussionondirectionofcurrent
(a)
A
B
C
(b)
C
A
B
(c)
C
A
B
(d)
C
A
B
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