2.4.1.1 Influence of extractant
Extraction of metals from different types of copper slags includes a variety of experimental
designs with application of various extractants playing a role of leaching or roasting agents
such as ferric chloride (Anand et al., 1980; Anand, 1981), ferric sulphate (Altundoǧan and
Tümen, 1997; Beşe, 2007, Carranza et al., 2009), ammonium sulphate (Sukla et al., 1986),
ammonium chloride (Nadirov et al., 2013), chlorine solution (Herreos et al., 1998; Beşe et al.,
2003), sulfuric acid (Anand et al., 1983; Sukla et al., 1986; Altundoǧan and Tümen, 1997;
Basir & Rabah, 1999; Banza et al., 2002; Arslan & Arslan, 2002; Altundoǧan et al., 2004;
Beşe, 2007; Baghalha et al., 2007; Deng & Ling, 2007; Yang et al., 2010; Ahmed et al.,
2012), hydrochloric acid, ammonium hydroxide (Basir & Rabah, 1999) and nitric acid
(Tshiongo et al., 2010). A number of these experiments have also combined additional
treatment such as slag roasting following leaching (Anand, 1981; Sukla et al., 1986;
Altundoǧan and Tümen, 1997; Arslan & Arslan, 2002), aging of slag (Deng & Ling, 2007),
oxidant addition (Basir & Rabah, 1999; Banza et al., 2002; Altundoǧan et al., 2004; Yang et
al., 2010a), high temperature leaching (Anand et al., 1980; Basir & Rabah, 1999; Banza et al.,
2002; Deng & Ling, 2007; Beşe, 2007; Carranza et al., 2009; Ahmed et al., 2012; Nadirov et
al., 2013) or oxidative pressure (Anand, 1983; Baghalha et al., 2007) intended to further
improve the extraction efficiency.
Sulfuric acid (H
2
SO
4
) is considered as an efficient agent for the leaching of metals. Several
experiments performed with copper slags using sulfuric acid as the leachate revealed that
metal extraction may reach high values. Nevertheless, acid concentrations applied for the
leaching is an important issue having an influence on the process. These assumptions are in
accordance with the work of Anand et al. (1983), Basir & Rabah (1999); Ahmed et al. (2012),
Altundoǧan et al. (2004), Yang et al. (2010a), Deng & Ling (2007) and Baghalha et al.
(2007). These authors noted a positive correlation between the extraction efficiency and acid
concentration, meaning that stronger acidity enhances metal extraction. On the other hand,
experimental studies of metal extraction with strong acids also showed an important limitation
of this process. Although high leaching efficiencies with sulfuric acid are obtained, the
formation of silica gel (Eq. n°7) during the process causes that metal extraction and pulp
filtration is much more difficult (Anand et al., 1983; Banza et al., 2002; Deng & Ling, 2007;
Yang et al., 2010a).
2 MO×SiO
2
+ H
2
SO
4
→ 2 MSO
4
+ H
4
SiO
4
(M: Fe, Co, Zn, Cu)
Eq. n°7
Yang et al. (2010a) demonstrated that the addition of oxidants such as sodium chlorate
(NaClO
3
) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)
2
) as neutralizing agent during extraction could be a
way to avoid the problem of silica gel formation, consequently facilitating filtration of the
CHAPTER 2: COPPER METALLURGICLA SLAGS- CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND FATE:
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solution. Sodium chlorate (NaClO
3
) plays the role of reaction inhibitor of silica gel formation
due to the oxidation of Fe
2+
to Fe
3+
:
6 FeSO
4
+ NaClO
3
+ 3 H
2
SO
4
→ 3 Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ NaCl + 3 H
2
O
Eq. n°8
The addition of calcium hydroxide aims to neutralize the solution (Eq. n°9) and precipitate
silica (Eq. n°10) and Fe
3+
(Eq. n°11) (Yang et al., 2010a) according to the following reactions:
Ca(OH)
2
+ H
2
SO
4
→ CaSO
4
×H
2
O
Eq. n°9
H
4
SiO
4
→ 2 H
2
O + SiO
2
Eq. n°10
3 Fe
2
(SO
4
)
2
+ 12 H
2
O → 2 NaFe
3
(SO
4
)
2
(OH)
6
Eq. n°11
Although increasing concentrations of sulfuric acid favour the leaching process, more calcium
hydroxide is also required to neutralize (Eq. n°9). Therefore, the optimal amount of sulfuric
acid should be calculated in order to achieve efficient leaching as well as to avoid using too
much neutralizing agent. In addition, too high concentrations of ferrous iron inhibit the
recovery process due to possible co-precipitation of metals with hydroxides during
neutralization by Ca(OH)
2
. That is why oxidation of Fe
2+
to Fe
3+
is so important for leaching
conditions (Anand et al., 1983; Banza et al., 2002; Yang et al., 2010a).
Another approach taking into consideration the problem of silica gel formation was presented
in the study of Banza et al. (2002), where sulfuric acid leaching was performed in the
presence of hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
) that oxidized ferrous into ferric iron according to the
following reaction:
2 FeSO
4
+ H
2
O
2
+ 2 H
2
O → 2 FeOOH + 2 H
2
SO
4
Eq. n°12
Therefore, oxidant addition can be an efficient solution to overcome the problem of silica gel
formation with simultaneous iron removal from the solution through its oxidation. For the
experiments done by Banza et al. (2002) and Yang et al. (2010a) as much as 80% (11.4 g/kg)
Cu, 90% (6.5 g/kg) Co, 90% (80.1 g/kg) Zn, 5% (10.4 g/kg) Fe and 89% (12.7 g/kg) Cu, 98%
(7.1 g/kg) Co, 97% (86.3 g/kg) Zn, 0.02% (0.04 g/kg) Fe could be extracted when oxidant
(H
2
O
2
and HClO
3
) was added to the leaching solution. Moreover, other studies revealed that
oxygenated conditions appear to be a factor promoting metal extraction (Basir & Rabah,
1999; Baghalha et al., 2007; Yang et al., 2010a) with simultaneous accomplishment of a low
iron extraction efficiency (Anand et al., 1983; Banza et al., 2002). Results of oxidative
pressure sulfuric acid leaching performed by Baghalha et al. (2007) have evidently proven
this statement showing extraction of Cu (1.5-12.6 mg/kg), Co (5.5-15.7 mg/kg) and Ni (22.4-
47.5 mg/kg) on the approximate level of 80%, whereas extraction of Co (37%) (0.3 g/kg), Ni
(20%) (0.6 g/kg) and Cu (0%) has been achieved in the experiment in the absence of oxygen.
Anand et al. (1983) also observed improved metal extraction efficiencies with increased
CHAPTER 2: COPPER METALLURGICLA SLAGS- CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND FATE:
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52
oxygen pressure indicating oxygen delivery as an important factor for Fe
2+
oxidation, hence
allowing to minimize iron extraction in relation to other metals. In the experiment with higher
oxygen pressure extraction efficiencies of Cu (90%) (36.3 g/kg), Ni (19.3 g/kg) and Co (4.8
g/kg) (>98%), Fe (0.81%) (3.1 g/kg), whereas only 1.2% (4.6 g/kg) of Fe was noted at lower
pressure confirming inefficient oxidation of Fe
2+
. However, according to Altundoǧan et al.
(2004) who conducted sulfuric acid leaching with chromate (K
2
Cr
2
O
7
), it was observed that
oxidant
addition improves copper leaching, whereas it has adverse effects on the extraction of
other metals. For instance, using 1 M H
2
SO
4
allowed to extract only 20.5% (8.9 g/kg) of
copper, whereas the amount of extracted copper raised up to 81.15% (35.4 g/kg) when
oxidant was added.
Additionally, other experimental approaches of sulfuric acid leaching coupled with high
temperature treatment have been applied (Arslan & Arslan, 2002; Deng & Ling, 2007;
Ahmed et al., 2012). Arslan & Arslan (2002) proposed acid roasting following hot water
leaching, whereas thermal acid aging following water leaching as extraction method has been
performed by Deng & Ling (2007). Acid treatment coupled with high temperatures and water
leaching was reported as an efficient method allowing to achieve copper extraction
efficiencies as high as 93% (21.7 g/kg) (Deng & Ling, 2007) or even 100% (26.4 g/kg) of Cu
(Arslan & Arslan, 2002).
Generally, experimental designs with sulfuric acid as leaching agent allowed to extract even
up to 93-100% of copper depending on different leaching parameters such as leaching
temperature, particle size, acid concentration, L/S ratio, processing time (Deng & Ling, 2007;
Ahmed et al., 2012) and oxygen delivery (Baghalha et al., 2007). The common observation
from most experiments is that increased acid concentrations are the main factor improving the
metal extraction (Anand et al., 1983; Altundoǧan et al., 2004; Deng & Ling, 2007; Yang et
al., 2010; Ahmed et al., 2012).
Nevertheless, the use of other extractants for Cu-slag leaching also allowed to achieve
satisfactory levels of extracted metals. Anand et al. (1980; 1981) investigated ferric chloride
leaching without or with prior reduction and reported this extractant as efficient for leaching
of metal residues from Cu-slag, especially when reduction roasting was applied prior to
extraction. Ferric sulfate chosen as leaching agent was found to give satisfactory leaching
when combined with high temperatures (Carranza et al., 2009) or sulfuric acid/ferric sulphate
and ultrasound (Beşe, 2007). This agent (Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
) improves Cu extraction, but may also
have adverse effects on the extraction of other metals (Beşe, 2007).
Experiments done by Beşe at al. (2003) relied on converter slag leaching using Cl
2
-saturated
water. Beşe at al. (2003) attempted to determine the optimum conditions for copper
dissolution, maintaining the level of iron dissolution inversely proportional, as was also
intended in the experiment of Arslan & Arslan (2002) and Herreros et al. (1998). Application
of optimal conditions led to 98.35% (29.2 g/kg) recovery of copper (Beşe at al., 2003). Ferric
chloride leaching revealed that 92% (37.1 g/kg) of Cu, 23% (4.5 g/kg) of Ni and 24% (1.2
CHAPTER 2: COPPER METALLURGICLA SLAGS- CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND FATE:
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53
g/kg) of Co may be extracted, whereas application of reduction roasting improved the Ni and
Co extraction efficiency to 95% (18.8 g/kg) and 80% (3.8 g/kg), respectively and a slightly
lower efficiency for copper (82%) (33 g/kg) (Anand et al., 1980; 1981). Application of a
ferric sulfate solution allowed to achieve a Cu extraction efficiency as high as 88-94% (88-94
g/kg) (Carranza et al., 2009). Herreros et al. (1998) performed chlorine solution treatment of
slags that led to the extraction of high quantities of Cu (80-90%) (11-12.9 g/kg), maintaining
iron dissolution on a low (4-8%) (15.1-32.9 g/kg) level. Nadirov et al. (2013) achieved
extraction efficiencies of ~85% (18.7 g/kg) for Cu, ~90% (53.3 g/kg) for Zn and 40-90%
(145.6-327.7 g/kg) for Fe through thermal slag treatment following ammonia leaching.
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