CHAPTER 2: COPPER METALLURGICLA SLAGS- CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND FATE:
A REVIEW
39
Two general types of leaching tests were carried out for Cu-slags: (1) experiments under
conditions corresponding to the natural environment, where slags are disposed and (2)
experiments following the protocols of standardised method (Table 2.2). Experimental
conditions referring to the environment cover simulation of rainfalls, peat water, calcareous
soil, extremely aggressive conditions such as highly acidic (Manz & Castro, 1997) and
organic matter rich (Ettler et al., 2009; Kierczak et al., 2013) soil. Standardised methods
include the Eastern synthetic precipitation procedure (Piatak et al., 2004), European Norm
and the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (Ettler et al., 2009).
Generally, in most experiments that followed standardized procedures, copper showed
irrelevant mobilization not exceeding 0.53% (1.8 mg/L) (Piatak et al., 2004) and reaching a
maximum mobilization of 2.8% (150 mg/L) (Ettler et al., 2009). In the case of experimental
designs that simulate the natural environment, the mobilization of copper was slightly higher.
Although, relative values of leached metals seem to be comparable, their concentrations in the
solution are variable. The quantity of leached copper was in the range of 0.16% and 2.6% for
experiments representing aggressive conditions and organic matter-rich conditions,
respectively (Manz & Castro, 1997; Kierczak et al., 2013). The highest extraction efficiency
of 6.36-8.51% was achieved by leaching with NH
4
NO
3
(Manz & Castro, 1997). However, it
has also to be noticed that the quantity of solubilized copper was different due to the different
chemical and mineral phase compositions of slags. Apart from copper, metals such as lead,
zinc, nickel and arsenic were also measured. Zinc and lead revealed comparable leachability
usually not exceeding 0.4%, except under aggressive conditions that reached an extraction
level of 9.55% for zinc (Manz & Castro, 1997) and citric acid solution which leached up to
1.9% of lead (Kierczak et al., 2013). Arsenic showed a limited mobility achieving values not
exceeding 1.2% (Piatak et al., 2004; Ettler et al., 2009; Kierczak et al., 2013).
The results obtained for particular leaching solutions showed that acidified inorganic
solutions and organic acids have definitely a greater influence on the slags stability than
deionised water where metals showed concentrations at least one order of magnitude lower
(Piatak et al., 2004; Ettler et al., 2009; Kierczak et al., 2013). Therefore, despite the fact that
the pH is an important parameter driving metal mobility, bulk solution chemistry (
e.g. the
presence of organic compounds) should also be considered as it might strongly influence the
leaching process.
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