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Fundamentals-of-Management-8th-Edition-Ricky-Griffin-978-1285849041

Goal Specificity
Goal specificity is
the clarity and precision of the goal. A goal
of “increasing productivity” is not very specific; a goal of “increasing productivity by
3 percent in the next six months” is quite specific. Some goals, such as those involving
costs, output, profitability, and growth, are readily amenable to specificity. Other goals,
however, such as improving employee job satisfaction, morale, company image and
reputation, ethics, and socially responsible behavior, may be much harder to state in
specific terms. Like difficulty, specificity has been shown to be consistently related to
performance. The study of timber truck drivers just mentioned, for example, also
examined goal specificity. The initial loads the truck drivers carried were found to be
60 percent of the maximum weight each truck could haul. The managers set a new goal
for drivers of 94 percent, which the drivers were soon able to reach. Thus, the goal was
both specific and difficult.
Because the theory attracted so much widespread interest and research support from
researchers and managers alike, an expanded model of the goal-setting process was even-
tually proposed. The expanded model, shown in Figure 10.6, attempts to capture more
fully the complexities of goal setting in organizations.
Goal-Directed
E ort
Organizational
support
Performance
Satisfaction
Extrinsic Rewards
Individual abilities
and traits
Goal commitment
Goal di culty
Goal specificity
Intrinsic Rewards
Goal acceptance
F I G U R E 1 0 . 6
The Expanded Goal-Setting Theory of Motivation
One of the most important emerging theories of motivation is goal-setting theory.
This theory suggests that goal difficulty, specificity, acceptance, and commitment
combine to determine an individual’s goal-directed effort. This effort, when
complemented by appropriate organizational support and individual abilities and
traits, results in performance. Finally, performance is seen as leading to intrinsic and
extrinsic rewards that, in turn, result in employee satisfaction.
Source: Reprinted from
Organizational Dynamics
, Autumn 1979, Gary P. Latham
and Edwin A. Locke, A Motivational Technique That Works, p. 79, © 1979, with
permission from Elsevier.

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