Convenience


Chapter 9: Basic Elements of Individual Behavior in Organizations 2 9 1



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Fundamentals-of-Management-8th-Edition-Ricky-Griffin-978-1285849041

Chapter 9:
Basic Elements of Individual Behavior in Organizations
2 9 1
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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C H A P T E R
10
Managing Employee
Motivation and Performance
Learning Outcomes
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1
Characterize the nature of motivation, including its importance and basic historical perspectives.
2
Identify and describe the major content perspectives on motivation.
3
Identify and describe the major process perspectives on motivation.
4
Describe reinforcement perspectives on motivation.
5
Identify and describe popular motivational strategies.
6
Describe the role of organizational reward systems in motivation.
Management in Action
Motivating the Whole Person
“If I put our mission in simple terms, it would be, No. 1, to change the way the
world eats and, No. 2, to create a workplace based on love and respect.”
—Whole Foods co-CEO Walter Robb
Whole Foods Market (WFM) started
out in 1980 as 1 store with 19
employees
in
Austin,
Texas.
Today, with 350 stores and 54,000
employees in North America and
Great
Britain,
it’s
the
leading
natural
and
organic
foods
supermarket
(and
ninth-largest
food and drug chain in the United
States). Along the way, it’s also
gained a considerable reputation
as a socially responsible company
and a good place to work. WFM’s
motto is “Whole Foods, Whole
People, Whole Planet,” and its
guiding “core value,” according to
co-CEO Walter Robb, is “customers
first, then team members, balanced
with
what’s
good
for
other
stakeholders…. If I put our mission
Sergii Tsololo/Photos.com
Jim
W
est/Alam
y
Whole Foods is often recognized as a great place to work. Employees such
as this one are motivated by Whole Foods’ competitive pay and benefits,
although some criticism has been directed at the firm’s health-care plan.
2 9 2
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
www.MyEbookNiche.eCrater.com


in simple terms,” Robb continues, “it would be, No. 1, to change the way the world
eats and, No. 2, to create a workplace based on love and respect.”
WFM made
Fortune
magazine’s very first list of the “100 Best Companies to
Work For” in 1998 and is one of 13 organizations to have made it every year
since. Citations have acknowledged the company’s growth (which means more
jobs), salary-cap limits (the top earner gets no more than 19 times the average
full-time salary), and generous health plan. The structure of the company’s
current health-care program, which revolves around high deductibles and so-
called
health savings accounts (HSAs)
, was first proposed in 2003. Under such a
plan, an employee (a “team member,” in WFM parlance) pays a deductible before
his or her expenses are covered. Meanwhile, the employer funds a special
account (an HSA) for each employee, who can spend the money to cover health-
related expenditures. The previous WFM plan had covered 100 percent of all
expenses, and when some employees complained about the proposed change,
the company decided to put it to a vote. Nearly 90 percent of the workforce went
to the polls, with 77 percent voting for the new plan. In 2006, employees voted to
retain the plan, which now carries a deductible of around $1,300; HSAs may go as
high as $1,800 (and accrue for future use). The company pays 100 percent of the
premiums for eligible employees (about 89 percent of the workforce).
High-deductible plans save money for the employer (the higher the deductible,
the lower the premium), and more important—at least according to founder and
co-CEO John Mackey—they also make employees more responsible consumers.
When the first $1,300 of their medical expenses comes out of their own pockets
(or their own HSAs), he argues, people “start asking how much things cost. Or
they get a bill and say, ‘Wow, that’s expensive.’ They begin to ask questions.
They may not want to go to the emergency room if they wake up with a
hangnail in the middle of the night. They may schedule an appointment now.”
Mackey believes that “the individual is the best judge of what’s right for the
individual,” and he’s so convinced of the value of plans like the one offered by
his company that in August 2009 he wrote an op-ed in the
Wall Street Journal
in
which he recommended “The Whole Foods Alternative to ObamaCare.” Health
care, he wrote, “is a service that we all need, but just like food and shelter, it is
best provided through voluntary and mutually beneficial market exchanges.”
Going a step further, Mackey argued against an “intrinsic right to health care,”
and on this point he stirred up a reaction among his customers that ran the
gamut from surprise to boycotting. “I’m boycotting [Whole Foods],” said one
customer who’d been shopping WFM several times a week, “because all
Americans need health care. While Mackey is worried about health-care and
stimulus spending, he doesn’t seem too worried about expensive wars and tax
breaks for the wealthy and big businesses such as his own that contribute to the
[national] deficit.”
Consumer advocates and HR specialists also attacked Mackey’s proposals and
policies. “High-deductible plans for low-wage workers,” says Judy Dugan,
research director of Consumer Watchdog, “are the next best thing to being
uninsured: The up-front costs are so high that workers have to weigh getting
health care against paying the rent (to the detriment of their health).” A former
WFM
executive
points
out,
for
example,
that
the
firm’s
plan
entails
“astronomical deductibles and co-pays.” As for the HSA, it has to cover all
co-pays and all expenses not covered by the plan (such as mental health care).
“There’s way more going on here than ‘health insurance,’” concludes the
anonymous former exec. “… [The] system has massive hidden charges that

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