James Diefendorff, Aaron Schmidt, and Rosalie Hall, “Self-
Regulation at Work,” in Susan Fiske, Daniel Schacter, and Robert
Sternberg (eds.),
Annual Review of Psychology
, Vol. 61 (Palo Alto,
CA: Annual Reviews, 2010), pp. 543–568.
3
See Nigel Nicholson, “How to Motivate Your Problem People,”
Harvard Business Review
, January 2003, pp. 57–67. See also
James M. Diefendorff and Megan M. Chandler, “Motivating
Employees,” in Sheldon Zedeck (ed.),
Handbook of Industrial and
Organizational Psychology
, Vol. 3:
Maintaining, Expanding, and
Contracting the Organization
(Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association, 2010), pp. 635–655.
4
See Jeffrey Pfeffer,
The Human Equation
(Cambridge, MA:
Harvard Business School Press, 1998). See also Nitin Nohria,
Boris Groysberg, and Linda-Eling Lee, “Employee Motivation—a
Powerful New Model,”
Harvard Business Review
, July–August
2008, pp. 78–89; and Adrienne Fox, “Raising Engagement,”
HR
Magazine
, May 2010, pp. 35–40.
5
For a recent discussion of these questions, see Teresa Amabile
and Steven Kramer, “What Really Motivates Workers,”
Harvard
Business Review
, January–February 2010, pp. 44–45.
6
Abraham H. Maslow, “A Theory of Human Motivation,”
Psychological Review
, 1943, Vol. 50, pp. 370–396; and Abraham
H. Maslow,
Motivation and Personality
(New York: Harper &
Row, 1954). Maslow’s most recent work is Abraham H. Maslow
and Richard Lowry,
Toward a Psychology of Being
(New York:
Wiley, 1999).
7
For a review, see Craig Pinder,
Work Motivation in Organiza-
tional Behavior
, 2nd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall,
2008).
8
Frederick Herzberg, Bernard Mausner, and Barbara Snyderman,
The Motivation to Work
(New York: Wiley, 1959); and
Frederick Herzberg, “One More Time: How Do You Motivate
Employees?”
Harvard Business Review
, January–February 1987,
pp. 109–120 (reprinted in
Harvard Business Review
, January
2003, pp. 87–98).
9
Robert J. House and Lawrence A. Wigdor, “Herzberg’s Dual-
Factor Theory of Job Satisfaction and Motivation: A Review of
the Evidenceanda Criticism,”
Personnel Psychology
, Winter 1967,
Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 369–389; and Victor H. Vroom,
Work and
Motivation
(New York: Wiley, 1964). See also Pinder,
Work
Motivation in Organizational Behavior
.
10
David C. McClelland,
The Achieving Society
(Princeton, NJ: Van
Nostrand, 1961); and David C. McClelland,
Power: The Inner
Experience
(New York: Irvington, 1975).
11
“Best Friends Good for Business,”
USA Today
, December 1, 2004,
pp. 1B, 2B.
12
David McClelland and David H. Burnham, “Power Is the Great
Motivator,”
Harvard Business Review
, March–April 1976,
pp. 100–110 (reprinted in
Harvard Business Review
, January
2003, pp. 117–127).
13
“HP Chief Executive Hurd Resigns after Sexual Harrassment
Probe,”
Bloomberg Businessweek
, August 7, 2010.
14
Victor H. Vroom,
Work and Motivation
(New York: Wiley,
1964).
15
“Starbucks’ Secret Weapon,”
Fortune
, September 29, 1997, p. 268.
16
Lyman W. Porter and Edward E. Lawler III,
Managerial Attitudes
and Performance
(Homewood, IL: Dorsey, 1968).
17
J. Stacy Adams, “Towards an Understanding of Inequity,”
Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology
, November 1963,
Vol. 67, No. 5, pp. 422–436.
18
“The Best vs. the Rest,”
Wall Street Journal
, January 30, 2006,
pp. B1, B3.
19
Mark C. Bolino and William H. Turnley, “Old Faces, New Places:
Equity Theory in Cross-Cultural Contexts,”
Journal of Organiza-
tional Behavior
, 2008, Vol. 29, pp. 29–50.
20
See Edwin A. Locke, “Toward a Theory of Task Performance and
Incentives,”
Organizational Behavior and Human Performance
,
1968, Vol. 3, pp. 157–189.
21
Gary P. Latham and J. J. Baldes, “The Practical Significance of
Locke’s Theory of Goal Setting,”
Journal of Applied Psychology
,
1975, Vol. 60, pp. 187–191.
22
For a recent extension of goal-setting theory, see Yitzhak Fried
and Linda Haynes Slowik, “Enriching Goal-Setting Theory with
Time: An Integrated Approach,”
Academy of Management
Review
, 2004, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 404–422.
23
B. F. Skinner,
Beyond Freedom and Dignity
(New York: Knopf,
1971). See also Raymond A. Noe, Michael J. Tews, and Alison
McConnell Dachner, “Learner Engagement: A New Perspective
for Enhancing Our Understanding of Learner Motivation and
Workplace Learning,” in James P. Walsh and Arthur P. Brief
(eds.),
The Academy of Management Annals 2010
(Philadelphia:
Taylor and Francis, 2010), pp. 279–316.
24
Fred Luthans and Robert Kreitner,
Organizational Behavior
Modification and Beyond: An Operant and Social Learning
Approach
(Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, 1985).
25
Luthans and Kreitner,
Organizational Behavior Modification and
Beyond
; and W. Clay Hamner and Ellen P. Hamner, “Behavior
Modification on the Bottom Line,”
Organizational Dynamics
,
Spring 1976, pp. 2–21.
26
“At Emery Air Freight: Positive Reinforcement Boosts Perfor-
mance,”
Organizational Dynamics
, Winter 1973, pp. 41–50; and,
for a recent update, see Alexander D. Stajkovic and Fred Luthans,
“A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Organizational Behavior
Modification on Task Performance, 1975–95,”
Academy of
Management Journal
, 1997, Vol. 40, No. 5, pp. 1122–1149.
27
David J. Glew, Anne M. O’Leary-Kelly, Ricky W. Griffin, and
David D. Van Fleet, “Participation in Organizations: A Preview
of the Issues and Proposed Framework for Future Analysis,”
Journal of Management
, 1995, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 395–421.
28
Baxter W. Graham, “The Business Argument for Flexibility,”
HR
Magazine
, May 1996, pp. 104–110.
29
A. R. Cohen and H. Gadon,
Alternative Work Schedules:
Integrating Individual and Organizational Needs
(Reading, MA:
Addison Wesley, 1978). See also Ellen Ernst Kossek and Jesse S.
Michel, “Flexible Work Schedules,” in Sheldon Zedeck (ed.),
Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology
, Vol. 1:
Building and Developing the Organization
(Washington, DC:
American Psychological Association, 2010), pp. 535–572.
30
“How Telecommuting Lets Workers Mobilize for Sustainability,”
GreenBiz.com
, February 17, 2011; and “Study: Telecommuting
Can Save American Households $1 7 Billion per Year,”
SmartPlanet.com
, March 16, 2011.
31
Daniel Wren,
The Evolution of Management Theory
, 4th ed.
(New York: Wiley, 1994).
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