Contents introduction chapter detective creating features

1.2 Expressive means in fiction
In the work of any author, expressive means play a huge role. And to create a good solid detective, with its escalating atmosphere, mysterious murders and even more mysterious and colorful characters, they are simply necessary. Expressive tools serve to enhance the expressiveness of statements, to give “volume” to the characters and the sharpness of the dialogue. Using expressive means, the writer has the opportunity to more fully and beautifully express his thoughts, to fully introduce the reader to the course of things.
Expressive means are divided into:
- lexical (archaisms, barbarism, terms)
- stylistic (metaphor, personification, metonymy, hyperbole, paraphrase)
- syntactic (special, "author's" punctuation)
- phonetic (using sound texture of speech)
- graphic (graphon)
Stylistic expressive means are a way of giving speech emotionality and expressiveness.
Syntactic expressive means are the use of syntactic constructions for stylistic purposes, for the semantic selection (underlining) of any words or sentences, giving them the desired coloring and meaning.
Lexical expressive means are a special use of words (often in their figurative meaning) in figures of speech.
Phonetic expressive means are the use of the sound texture of speech in order to increase expressiveness.
Graphic - show deviations from the norm of speech.
Lexical expressive means.
Archaisms (Archaisms).
Archaisms are words and expressions that have come out of everyday use and felt as obsolete. “Archaism is a word or expression that is obsolete and has ceased to be used in ordinary speech. It is most often used in literature as a stylistic device for imparting solemnity to speech and for creating realistic color in portraying antiquities. ” Whilome - formerly, to trow - to think - these are obsolete words that have analogues in modern English. There are also words that have no analogue, for example: gorget, mace. You can also give an example from the book of John Galsworthy:
"How thou art sentimental, maman!".
Foreign words.
Foreign words in the style are words and phrases borrowed from a foreign language and not subjected to grammatical and phonetic transformations in the borrowing language.
Terms (Terms) - words and phrases denoting scientific concepts that reflect the properties and characteristics of the object. Here is an example from Theodor Dreiser's The Financier:
"There was a long conversation - a long wait. His father came back to say I was doubtful whether they could make the loan. Eight per cent, then being secured for money, was a small rate of interest; considering its need. For ten per cent Mr. Kugel might make a call-loan. "
Epithet (Epithet) - figurative definition of the subject, usually characterized by an adjective. Examples are the words good, bed, cold, hot, green, yellow, big, small, etc.
Hyperbole (Hyperbole) - the use of a word or expression that exaggerates the actual degree of quality, intensity of the sign or the scale of the subject of speech. Hyperbole deliberately distorts reality, enhancing the emotionality of speech. Hyperbole is one of the oldest expressive means, and it is widely used in folklore and epic poetry of all time. Hyperbola has entered our lives so firmly that often we don’t perceive it as a hyperbola. For example, such commonplace expressions as: a thousand apologies, a million kisses, I haven't sen you for ages, I beg a thousand pardons. "He heard nothing. He was more remote them the stars ”(S. Chaplin).
Metaphor (Metaphor) - a type of trail (trail - a poetic turn, the use of a word in a figurative meaning, a departure from literal speech), the figurative meaning of a word based on likening one object or phenomenon to another in similarity or contrast. Like hyperbole, a metaphor is one of the most ancient expressive means, and an example of this is ancient Greek mythology, where the sphinx is something between a man and a lion, and the centaur is something between a man and a horse.
“Love is a star to every wandering bark” (from Shakespeare's sonnet). We see that the reader is given the opportunity to compare concepts such as “star” and “love”.
In the Russian language we can find such examples of metaphors as “iron will”, “bitterness of separation”, “warmth of the soul” and so on. Unlike a simple comparison, the metaphor lacks the words "how," "as if," "like."
Metonymy (Мethonymy) - establishing a connection between phenomena or objects by adjacency, transferring the properties of an object to the object itself, through which these properties are detected. In metonymy, the effect can be replaced by the cause, the contents by the capacity, the material from which the thing is made can replace the designation of the thing itself. The difference between metonymy and metaphor is that metonymy deals only with those connections and combinations that exist in nature.
"The stars and stripes invaded Iraq." In the first case, in the example of metonymy, the characteristic is transferred from the girl herself to her writing pen, and in the second case, the color and pattern of the flag replace the name of the country.
Gradation (Climax) is a stylistic figure in which definitions are grouped by increasing or weakening their emotional and semantic significance. This is a gradual strengthening or weakening of the images used for the purpose of forcing the effect. Example:
I do not regret, do not call, do not cry,
Everything will pass like smoke from white apple trees. (S.A. Yesenin).
In English, you can find such examples of gradation:
"Little by little, bit by bit, day by day, he stayed of her." Or a sequential listing of signs in increasing order: clever, talented, genius.
Oxymoron (Oxymoron) - a special type of antithesis (opposition), based on a combination of contrasting values. An oxymoron is a direct correlation and combination of contrasting, seemingly incompatible signs and phenomena. Oxymoron is often used to achieve the proper effect when describing a person’s character, designating a certain inconsistency of human nature. So, with the help of oxymoron “the magnificence of shamelessness”, a capacious characteristic of a woman of easy virtue is achieved in the novel by W. Faulkner “City”. Oxymoron is also widely used in the names of works (“Young Lady Peasant”, “Living Corpse”, etc.). Among English authors, the oxymoron is widely used by William Shakespeare in his tragedy Romeo and Juliet:
O brawling love! O loving hate!
O any thing! of nothing first create.
O heavy lightness! serious vanity!
(1 action, scene 1).
Comparisons (Simile) is a rhetorical figure close to metaphor, revealing a common sign when juxtaposing two objects or phenomena. Comparison differs from metaphor in that it contains the words “how”, “as if”, “as if”. Comparison is widely used both in literature and in everyday speech. For example, everyone knows such expressions as: “plow like an ox”, “hungry like a wolf”, “stupid like a cork”, etc. Worth - alone in the entire universe.
In English, there are such comparisons as: fresh as rose, fat as a pig, to fit like a glove. An example of a comparison can be given from Ray Bradbury’s short story “A sound of thunder” (“And thunder struck”):
“Like a stone idol, like a mountain avalanche, Tyrannosaurus fell”
Personification is the endowment of objects and phenomena of inanimate nature with the features of living beings. Avatar helps the writer to more accurately convey his feelings and impressions of the surrounding nature.
How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth,
Stoln of wing my three and twen teeth year! (classical poetry of the 17-18th centuries)
Antithesis (Antithesis) - artistic contrast. This is a method of enhancing expressiveness, a way of conveying life's contradictions.
Also, many artistic contrasts are found in proverbs and sayings. Here is an example of an English proverb:
"To err is human and to forget is divine." Or here is such a striking example of an antithesis:
"The music professor’s lessons were light, but his fees were high."
Also, stylistic expressive means include the use of slang and neologisms (words formed by the author himself). Slang can be used both to create the appropriate color, and to enhance the expressiveness of speech.