Content and main features of a market economy Plan: introduction

Market economy models⁴

T/r	Model types	Basic descriptive features
1	America	The regulatory role of the state is minimal (insignificant); Comprehensive business incentives; Significant stratification of income
2	Japan	High level of government influence on the economy; You will notice differences in salary levels.
3	Shved	Social orientation of state regulation of the economy, care for the poor; High share of the public sector in the economy.
4	French	High role of the state in regulation; The scope of state entrepreneurship is much wider.
5	South Korea	State monopoly in the field of finance and credit; Export incentives and import restrictions.
6	China	Transition from a model of a centrally planned economy to a model of a “socialist planned commodity economy”; Creation of a system of markets (stock, commodity labor, etc.).
7	Russia	Integration of central management and market mechanism; Sufficiently high level of social protection of the population.

For these countries, entering a market economy is a guarantee of independence. This is because the transition to a market economy will lead to rapid growth in production.

In general, the models that have entered the history of world economic development with their brightness, efficiency, achievements are "America", "Japan", "Germany", "Sweden", "South Korea", "China" and others (Table 1)
We will see these models in detail in the following chapters:
The “US model” is described as a liberal model. The peculiarity of the American model is that it is based on the widespread dissemination of entrepreneurship among the population, ensuring its popularity. It is aimed at creating favorable conditions for the support of business activities of each member of society, economic activity, self-interest.
The "Japanese model" is based on the hard work of the people of the country devastated in World War II, the full and unconditional support of the government, a sense of patriotism. After Japan renounced military spending, it was possible to mobilize and use all resources for peaceful purposes and increase the economic potential of the industry. First of all, the production was exported, adapted currency was developed, in exchange for which the latest equipment, technology, licenses, patents, "know-how" were purchased from foreign countries, especially the United States and Western Europe, and high labor productivity was achieved. entrepreneurship was supported. Cheaper raw materials and fuel in the world market, relatively cheap labor, and the absence of large military expenditures have led to an increase in Japanese exports. In this regard, the support of large companies and the emphasis on scientific and technological development in the country play an important role.
The "Swedish model" is different from other models in that it is socially oriented, aimed at reducing property inequality. The poor are protected. Measures will be taken to reduce unemployment. Sweden's historically highly developed economy and the important role of workers' unions in society, especially in production, have played a key role in shaping this model.
The "German model" is a socially oriented model. The main idea of ​​the social market economy belonged to Ludwig Erhard (1897–1977). He was Minister of Economy of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1949 to 1963 and Federal Chancellor from 1963 to 1966.
The "South Korean model" is an interesting model that in a short period of time has made South Korea one of the most backward countries in the world. At the beginning of economic reforms in 1962, per capita income was $ 82, and by 1996 it had reached $ 10.6 thousand.
Centralized long-term and medium-term plans, development of targeted programs, setting production tasks and deadlines, the integration of market methods in the management of South Korea in a short time joined the ranks of developed countries and became part of world civilization. allows it to take its rightful place.
The "Chinese model" - the reconstruction of the economy began with the reform of agriculture. In agriculture, public utilities are the main economic entity, and a state contracting system has been established. This work was completed by the end of 1984. A family farm is a one-family farm with land for 15-20 years and in some places for 30 years. the land is cultivated by a family or several families using the machinery, equipment, etc. that they own. Farmers could hand over some of their produce to the state on a contract basis, some in exchange for taxes, some to a local fund, and the rest at their own discretion to the state or the market at a higher price.
Thus, depending on the similarities of each country with other countries, they can be included in one or another group of transition to a market economy. At the same time, we can say that each country has its own way of transition to a market economy, which creates its own model, as it differs from others with its own characteristics.