Confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of corruption crimes in Eastern Europe and Central Asia


According to Article 4 of  Romania’s



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OECD-Confiscation-of-Proceeds-of-Corruption-Crimes-ENG

 
According to Article 4 of 
Romania’s
2002 Law No. 656 on the prevention and sanctioning of money 
laundering and combating terrorism financing, a beneficial owner means: 
“(1) Any individual who has or controls the client or the individual in whose name or interest a transaction 
or operation takes place. 
(2) The beneficial owner shall at least include: 
a) in the case of corporate entities:
1. the natural person(s) who ultimately owns or controls a legal entity through direct or indirect ownership 
over a sufficient percentage of the shares or voting rights sufficient to ensure control in that legal entity, 
including through bearer share holdings, other than a company listed on a regulated market that is subject to 
disclosure requirements consistent with Community legislation or subject to equivalent international 
standards. A percentage of 25 % plus one share shall be deemed sufficient to meet this criterion;
2. the natural person(s) who otherwise exercises control over the management of a legal entity;
b) in the case of legal entities, other than those referred to in para (a), and other entities or legal arrangements, 
which administer and distribute funds:
1. The natural person who is the beneficiary of 25 % or more of the property of a legal person or other entities 
or legal arrangements, where the future beneficiaries have already been determined; 
2. Where the natural persons that benefit from the legal person or entity have yet to be determined, the group 
of persons in whose main interest the legal person, entity or legal arrangement is set up or operates; 
3.The natural person(s) who exercises control over 25 % or more of the property of a legal person, entity or 
legal arrangement.” 
Based on the abovementioned definitions, the distinctive features of the legal person beneficial owner are as 
follows: direct or indirect ultimate owner, holder or/and natural person with 25% or larger participation 
interest, voting stock, including natural person otherwise exercising control over the governance of the 
business legal entity. 
New 

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