Confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of corruption crimes in Eastern Europe and Central Asia



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OECD-Confiscation-of-Proceeds-of-Corruption-Crimes-ENG

D. Property of equivalent value 
UN Convention against corruption binds the State Parties to take measures to enable confiscation of proceeds 
of crime derived from offences established in accordance with this Convention or 
property
the value of 
which corresponds to that of such proceeds
(paragraph 1 of Article 31). Analysis of paragraphs 1, 4-6 of 
Article 31 of the Convention points to the fact that the followings must also be subject to confiscation: the 
proceeds of crime that have been transformed or converted, in part or in full, into other property; the proceeds 
of crime that have been intermingled with property acquired from legitimate sources; income or other 
benefits from all the aforesaid categories of proceeds
or
any property the value of which corresponds to the 
value of such proceeds, income, other benefits.
In accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 3 of the Warsaw Convention, Each Party shall adopt such 
legislative and other measures as may be necessary to enable it to confiscate instrumentalities and proceeds 
or 
property the value of which corresponds to such proceeds
and laundered property. Confiscation of 
property, with which proceeds of crime have been intermingled, is applied up to the assessed value of the 
intermingled proceeds (paragraphs ‘b’ and ‘c’ of Article 5 of the Convention). 
According to paragraph 1 of Article 4 of the Directive 2014/42/EU, Member States shall take the necessary 
measures to enable the confiscation, either in whole or in part, of instrumentalities and proceeds or 
property 
the value of which corresponds
to such instrumentalities or proceeds, subject to a final conviction for a 
criminal offence. That said, Member States are free to define the confiscation of property of equivalent value 
as subsidiary or alternative to direct confiscation, as appropriate in accordance with national law (paragraph 
14 of the Preamble). When implementing this Directive in respect of confiscation of property the value of 
which corresponds to instrumentalities, the relevant provisions could be applicable where, in view of the 
particular circumstances of the case at hand, such a measure is proportionate, having regard in particular to 
the value of the instrumentalities concerned. Member States may also take into account whether and to what 
18
See Technical paper on Comparative analysis between the provisions on forfeiture in the Albanian criminal code and the new 
Albanian Anti-Mafia Law provisions on civil forfeiture, and their applicability with regard to offences of money laundering and the 
financing of terrorism, Project against corruption in Albania (PACA), ECD/04/2010, page 11. 


31 
 
extent the convicted person is responsible for making the confiscation of the instrumentalities impossible 
(paragraph 17 of the Preamble). 
Value confiscation is provided for in the majority of countries of the ACN. All but two EU countries (Cyprus 
and Malta) implement such confiscation
">19
.
In accordance with paragraph 3 of Article 52 of the Criminal Code of 
Georgia
, criminally obtained property 
of the convicted person and any income from this property or of property that is equivalent in value is subject 
to confiscation. This rule applies to all intentional crimes, including corruption and money laundering, 
provided for by the Criminal Code of Georgia. At the same time, legal doctrine and judicial practice of 
Georgia defines ‘property the value of which corresponds to that of proceeds of corruption offences’ as any 
property the value of which corresponds to that of direct and derivative criminal proceeds which have not 
been identified. Equivalent value property includes not only monetary funds, but any other property of value. 
According to Article 92 of the Criminal Code of 
Serbia
, money, items of value and all other material gains 
obtained by a criminal offence shall be seized from the offender, and if such seizure should not be possible
the offender shall be obligated to hand over other assets corresponding to the value of assets obtained through 
commission of criminal offence or deriving there from or to pay a pecuniary amount commensurate with 
obtained material gain. Moreover, as per Article 4 of 

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