Confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of corruption crimes in Eastern Europe and Central Asia


Azerbaijan , this is done based on the ‘beyond the reasonable doubt’ standard, too. Even in  Latvia



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OECD-Confiscation-of-Proceeds-of-Corruption-Crimes-ENG

Azerbaijan
, this is done based on the ‘beyond the reasonable doubt’ standard, too. Even in 
Latvia
, where 
the special confiscation is possible, and in Kazakhstan, where it will be possible (from 1 January 2018) 
without or before conviction, this does not change anything, essentially. For example, paragraph 2 of Article 
668 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Kazakhstan specifies that, in the pre-trial proceedings for the 
confiscation of property, subject to proof are both the property belonging to suspected or accused and the 
relationship of the property with the offence, which is a basis for the confiscation. At the same time, 
paragraph 6 of Article 668 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Kazakhstan binds the prosecutor to include a 
list of evidence, which confirm these facts, into the request for confiscation. According to paragraph 2 of 
Article 670 of the Criminal Procedure Code, these issues are to be resolved by the court. 
In the criminal proceedings of 
Georgia
, the prosecutor has to prove, beyond the reasonable doubt, the precise 
property to be confiscated. Thereby, the burden of proof lies with the prosecutor entirely, whereas the defence 
has no obligation to prove the legality and origin of the presumed proceeds of crime, including corruption 
and money laundering. However, unlike in the criminal proceedings, the burden of proof in civil (or, as it is 
named in Georgia, extended) confiscation procedure lies with the opposite party – the defendant. In such 
procedure, it is the defendant who is under an obligation to prove the legitimate source of the property in 
question. The extended confiscation procedure of Georgia enables to use the standard of prove, which is 
based on the ‘balance of probabilities’. In accordance with this standard, the court weights the evidence and 
renders a decision in favour of the party whose version is most likely to be true
36
.
The Legislation of 
Ukraine
on the civil forfeiture is not framed well enough to divide the obligation to prove 
between the parties to the proceedings. Article 233-2 of the Civil Procedure Code establishes only an 
obligation for the court to recognise the assets as unjustified in cases, if, based on the provided evidence, the 
court establishes that the assets (or money to purchase them), which are claimed to be recognised as 
unjustified, have been acquired legitimately. At the same time, in the criminal confiscation procedure of 
Ukraine, the burden of proof is born by the prosecution, entirely.
In criminal procedure in 
Romania
, the burden of proof, including the one with respect to property, lies with 
the prosecutor. It is interesting to note that the Constitution of Romania (Article 44(8)) contains a provision 
for legality of acquirement shall be presumed. The Constitutional Court of Romania, through Decision no. 
799/20112, confirmed this presumption, but reserved that it does not prevent the interested party from 
proving the unlawfulness of the wealth to apply confiscation. Thus, in the Decision, the Court emphasized 
that ‘the regulation of this presumption does not prevent the investigation of unlawful acquirement of wealth, 
but in this case the burden of proof lies with the person making such allegation. Insofar the interested party 
proves that some assets, part of the wealth or the entire wealth of a person was acquired unlawfully, those 
unlawful assets or wealth can be confiscated subject to the law’
37
.
36
See the Questionnaire on the 'Confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of corruption offenses' thematic study, filled out by 
the relevant authorities of Georgia; answer to question No. 59. 
37
See Marieta Safta, Ph. D., Presumption of lawful acquirement of property and confiscation of unlawfully acquired property in the 
case-law of the Romanian Constitutional Court. The reference constitutional framework for regulating of the extended confiscation. 
Juridical Tribune, Volume 2, Issue 1, June 2012, page 139. 


84 
 
According to Article 112-1 of the Criminal Code of Romania, extended confiscation for the crimes specified 
by the law is ordered if the following conditions are met: a) the value of assets acquired by a convicted person 
within a time period of five years before and, if necessary, after the time of perpetrating the offense, until the 
issuance of the indictment, clearly exceeds the revenues obtained lawfully by the convict; b) the court is 
convinced that the relevant assets originate from criminal activities such as those provided in this Article. 
Considering the constitutional presumption of legality of acquirement property and the position of the 
Constitutional Court to that effect, it seems that the burden of proof, in the extended confiscation procedure 
in Romania, also lies with the prosecution; however, the submitted questionnaire indicates that the burden 
of proof with split between the prosecution and defence
38
. There is also a view, in the doctrinal interpretation, 
that with the extended confiscation, the burden of proof on the side of the prosecution is ‘eased’. 
In accordance with Article 106-1 of the Criminal Code of 
Moldova
, the extended confiscation is applied in 
case the value of property, which has been acquired by the convicted person within the period between 5 
years prior to commission of crime and the date of conviction, considerably exceeds the amount of legitimate 
incomes, as well as in case the judicial instance, based on the provided evidence, finds that this property has 
originated from a criminal activity specified by the criminal law provisions set forth in this Article. 
In accordance with the criminal law of 

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