Community Ecology, biol 7083 – Spring 2014 Louisiana State University – Department of Biological Sciences Reference List


Graham, C. H. & P. V. A. Fine. 2008. Phylogenetic beta diversity: linking ecological and evolutionary processes across space and time. Ecology Letters 11:1265-1277



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Graham, C. H. & P. V. A. Fine. 2008. Phylogenetic beta diversity: linking ecological and evolutionary processes across space and time. Ecology Letters 11:1265-1277.

Grandcolas, P. 1998. Phylogenetic analysis and the study of community structure. Oikos 82:397-400.

Grant, P. R. & B. R. Grant. 2002. Adaptive radiation in Darwin’s finches. American Scientist 90:130-139.

Grant, Peter R. & B. Rosemary Grant. 2008. How and Why Species Multiply: The Radiation of Darwin’s Finches. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.

Hardy, O. J. 2008. Testing the spatial phylogenetic structure of local communities: statistical performances of different null models and test statistics on a locally neutral community. Journal of Ecology 96:914-926.

Hardy, O. J. & B. Senterre. 2007. Characterizing the phylogenetic structure of communities by an additive partitioning of phylogenetic diversity. Journal of Ecology 95:493-506.

Harvey, Paul H. & Mark D. Pagel. 1991. The Comparative Method in Evolutionary Biology. Oxford U. Press, Oxford, UK.

Hickerson, M. J., B. C. Carstens, J. Cavender-Bares, K. A. Crandall, C. H. Graham, J. B. Johnson, L. Rissler, P. F. Victoriano & A. D. Yoder. 2010. Phylogeography’s past, present, and future: 10 years after Avise, 2000. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 54:291-301.



Keddy, P. A. 1992. Assembly and response rules: Two goals for predictive community ecology. Journal of Vegetation Science 3:157-164. Might be good for discussion! 

Kraft, Nathan J. B., William K. Cornwell, Campbell O. Webb & David D. Ackerly. 2007. Trait evolution, community assembly, and the phylogenetic structure of ecological communities. Am. Nat. 170:271-283.

Losos, Jonathan B. 1990. A phylogenetic analysis of character displacement in Caribbean Anolis lizards. Evolution 44:558-569.

Losos, Jonathan B. 1992. The evolution of convergent structure in Caribbean Anolis communities. Systematic Biology 41:403-420.

Losos, Jonathan B. 1996. Phylogenetic perspectives on community ecology. Ecology 77:1344-1354.

Losos, Jonathan B. 2009. Lizards in an Evolutionary Tree: Ecology and Adaptive Radiation of Anoles. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.

Losos, J. B., T. R. Jackman, A. Larson, K. de Queiroz & L. Rodriguez-Schettino. 1998. Contingency and determinism in replicated adaptive radiations of island lizards. Science 279:2115-2118.

Mayfield, Margaret M. & Jonathan M. Levine. 2010. Opposing effects of competitive exclusion on the phylogenetic structure of communities. Ecology Letters 13:1085-1093.

McPeek, Mark A. & T. E. Miller. 1996. Evolutionary biology and community ecology. Ecology 77:1319-1320.

Milne, B. T. & R. T. T. Forman. 1986. Peninsulas in Maine: Woody plant diversity, distance, and environmental patterns. Ecology 67:967-974.

Pearse, Ian S. & Andrew L. Hipp. 2009. Phylogenetic and trait similarity to a native species predict herbivory on non-native oaks. PNAS 106:18097-18102.

RibasCC_etal_2011_ProcRoySocB_PalaeobiogeographicModelForAmazonianDiversification.pdf

Ricklefs, Robert E. & Dolph Schluter. 1993. Species diversity: Regional and historical influences. Pp. 350-363 in R. E. Ricklefs & D. Schluter, eds., Species Diversity in Ecological Communities. Chicago University Press, Chicago, IL.

Ricklefs, Robert E. & Dolph Schulter, eds. 1993. Species Diversity in Ecological Communities: Historical and Geographical Perspectives. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.

Schluter, Dolph. 2000. The Ecology of Adaptive Radiation. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

Schweitzer, Jennifer A., Joseph K. Bailey, Brian J. Rehill, Gregory D. Martinsen, Stephen C. Hart, Richard L. Lindroth, Paul Keim & Thomas G. Whitham. 2004. Genetically based trait in a dominant tree affects ecosystem processes. Ecology Letters 7:127-134.

Stevens, Richard D., Maria M. Gavilanez, Juan S. Tello & David A. Ray. 2011. Phylogenetic structure illuminates the mechanistic role of environmental heterogeneity in community organization. Journal of Animal Ecology x:xx-xx.

Swenson, N. G. et al. 2007. The influence of spatial and size scale on phylogenetic relatedness in tropical forest communities. Ecology 88:1770-1780.

Swenson, N. G. et al. 2006. The problem and promise of scale dependency in community phylogenetics. Ecology 87:2418-2424.

Tofts, R. & J. Silvertown. 2000. A phylogenetic approach to community assembly from a local species pool. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 267:363-369.

Urban, Mark C., Mathew A. Leibold, Priyanga Amarasekare, Luc De Meester, Richard Gomulkiewicz, Michael E. Hochberg, Christopher A. Klausmeier, Nicolas Loeuille, Claire de Mazancourt, Jon Norberg, Jelena H. Pantel, Sharon Y. Strauss, Mark Vellend & Michael J. Wade. 2008. The evolutionary ecology of metacommunities. TREE 23:311-317.

Webb, Campbell O. 2000. Exploring phylogenetic structure of ecological communities: An example for rain forest trees. The American Naturalist 156:145-155.

Webb, Campbell O., David D. Ackerly, Mark A. McPeek & Micheal J. Donoghue. 2002. Phylogenies and community ecology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 33:475-505.

Weiher, E. & P. A. Keddy. 1995. The assembly of experimental wetland plant communities. Oikos 73:323-335. 

Whitham, Thomas G., William P. Young, Gregory D. Martinsen, Catherine A. Gehring, Jennifer A. Schweitzer, Stephen M. Shuster, Gina M. Wimp, Dylan G. Fischer, Joseph K. Bailey, Richard L. Lindroth, Scott Woolbright & Cheryl R. Kuske. 2003. Community and ecosystem genetics: a consequence of the extended phenotype. Ecology 84:559-573.

Wiens, John J. & Catherine H. Graham. 2005. Niche conservatism: integrating evolution, ecology, and conservation biology. Annual Reviews of Ecology, Evolution & Systematics 36:519-539.

Wiens, John J., Catherine H. Graham, Daniel S. Moen, Sarah A. Smith & Tod W. Reeder. 2006. Evolutionary and ecological causes of the latitudinal diversity gradient in hylid frogs: treefrog trees unearth the roots of high tropical diversity. Am. Nat. 168:579-596.

Willis, J. C. 1922. Area and Age: A Study of Geographical Distribution and Origin in Species. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Wilson, J. B., T. C. E. Wells, I. C. Trueman, G. Jones, M. D. Atkinson, M. J. Crawley, M. E. Dodd & J. Silvertown. 1996. Are there assembly rules for plant species abundance: An investigation in relation to soil resources and successional trends. Journal of Ecology 84:527-538.

12. Diversity-productivity, diversity-stability, diversity-invasibility, and richness-function relationships
Abrams, Peter A. 1995. Monotonic or unimodal diversity-productivity gradients: What does competition theory predict? Ecology 76:2019-2027.

Adler, Peter B. et al. 2011. Science.

Al-Mufti et al. 1977. J. Ecol. 65:759- [Good for “hump-shaped” figure]

Benedetti-Cecchi, L. 2004. Increasing accuracy of causal inference in experimental analyses of biodiversity. Functional Ecology 18:761-768.

Connell, J. H. & W. P. Sousa. 1983. On the evidence needed to judge ecological stability or persistence. The American Naturalist 121:789-824.

Coomes, David A., Georges Kunstler, Charles D. Canham & Elaine Wright. 2009. A greater range of shade-tolerance niches in nutrient-rich forests: an explanation for positive richness-productivity relationships? Journal of Ecology 97:705-717.

Crutsinger, Gregory M., Michael D. Collins, James A. Fordyce, Zachariah Gompert, Chris C. Nice, Nathan J. Sanders. 2006. Plant genotypic diversity predicts community structure and governs an ecosystem process. Science 313:966-968.

Davis, M. B. 1986. Climatic instability, time lags, and community disequilibrium. Pp. 269-284 in J. Diamond & T. J. Case, eds., Community Ecology. Harper & Row, NY, NY.

Duffy, J. Emmett. 2009. Why biodiversity is important to the functioning of real-world ecosystems. Front. Ecol. Environ. 7:437-444.

Elton, C. S. 1958. The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants. Methuen & Co., London, UK.

Frank & McNaughton. 1991. Stability increases with diversity in plant communities: Empirical evidence from the 1988 Yellowstone drought. Oikos 62:360-362.

Fridley, J. D., J. J. Stachowicz, S. Naeem, D. F. Sax, E. W. Seabloom, M. D. Smith, T. J. Stohlgren, D. Tilman & B. Von Holle. 2007. The invasion paradox: Reconciling pattern and process in species invasions. Ecology 88:3-17. [Add figure from Metha Klock’s presentation!]

Gough, Laura, Craig W. Osenberg, Katherine L. Gross & Scott L. Collins. 2000. Fertilization effects on species density and primary productivity in herbaceous plant communities. Oikos 89:428-439.

GraceJB_etal_2007_EcolLetters_DoesSpeciesDivLimitProdInGrasslands.pdf [SEM that simultaneously evaluates influence of abiotic factors on productivity and richness, influence of richness on prod., and influence of prod. on richness…; see Adler et al. 2011. Science]

Grimm, V. 1996. A down-to-earth assessment of stability concepts in ecology: dreams, demands, and the real problems. Senckenbergiana maritima 27:215-226.

Grimm, V., and C. Wissel. 1997. Babel, or the ecological stability discussions: an inventory and analysis of terminology and a guide for avoiding confusion. Oecologia 109:323-334.

Hector, A., B. Schmid, C. Beierkuhnlein, M. C. Caldeira, M. Diemer, P. G. Dimitrakopoulos, J. Finn, H. Freitas, P. S. Giller, J. Good, R. Harris, P. Högberg, K. Huss-Danell, J. Joshi, A. Jumpponen, C. Körner, P. W. Leadley, M. Loreau, A. Minns, C. P. H. Mulder, G. O'Donovan, S. J. Otway, J. S. Pereira, A. Prinz, D. J. Read, M. Scherer-Lorenzen, E.-D. Schulze, A.-S.D. Siamantziouras, E. M. Spehn, A. C. Terry, A. Y. Troumbis, F. I. Woodward, S. Yachi, S. & J. H. Lawton. 1999. Plant diversity and productivity experiments in European grasslands. Science 286:1123-1127.

Hocking, Morgan D. & John D. Reynolds. 2011. Impacts of salmon on riparian plant diversity. Science 331:1609-1612.

Hodgson, J. G., K. Thompson, P. J. Wilson & A. Bogaard. 1998. Does biodiversity determine ecosystem function? The Ecotron experiment reconsidered. Functional Ecology 12:843-848. 

Huston, M. A. 1997. Hidden treatments in ecological experiments: Re-evaluating the ecosystem function of biodiversity. Oecologia 110:449-460. 

Huston, Michael A. & Steve Wolverton. 2009. The global distribution of net primary production: resolving the paradox. Ecological Monographs 79:343-377.

Ives, Anthony R. & Stephen R. Carpenter. 2007. Stability and diversity of ecosystems. Science 317:58-62.

Jiang, Lin, Shiqiang Wan & Linghao Li. 2009. Species diversity and productivity: why do results of diversity-manipulation experiments differ from natural patterns? Journal of Ecology 97:603-608.

Karlson, Ronald H. 1999. Dynamics of Coral Communities. Kluwer Academic Pubs., Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

Larsen, Trond H., Neal M. Williams & Claire Kremen. 2005. Extinction order and altered community structure rapidly disrupt ecosystem functioning. Ecology Letters 8:538-547.

Lawton, J. H., S. Naeem, L. J. Thompson, A. Hector, and M. J. Crawley. 1998. Biodiversity and ecosystem function: Getting the Ecotron experiment in its correct context. Functional Ecology 12:848-852. 

Leigh, Egbert Giles, Jr. & Geerat Jacobus Vermeij. 2002. Does natural selection organize ecosystems for the maintenance of high productivity and diversity? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 357:709-718.

Levine, Jonathan M. 2000. Species diversity and biological invasions: Relating local process to community pattern. Science 288:852-854.

Levine, Jonathan M. & C. M. D’Antonio. 1999. Elton revisited: a review of evidence linking diversity and invasibility. Oikos 87:15-26.

Lewontin, R. C. 1969. The meanings of stability. Brookhaven Symp. Biology 22:13-24. [On alternative stable states]

Loreau, M., S. Naeem, P. Inchausti, J. Bengtsson, J. P. Grime, A. Hector, D. U. Hooper, M. A. Huston, D. Raffaelli, B. Schmid, D. Tilman & D. A. Wardle. 2001. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: Current knowledge and future challenges. Science 294:804-808.

Loucks, O. L. 1970. Evolution of diversity, efficiency, and community stability. American Zoologist 10:17-25.

MacDougall, Andrew S., Benjamin Gilbert & Jonathan M. Levine. 2009. Plant invasions and the niche. Journal of Ecology 97:609-615.

May, Robert M. 2000. Relation between diversity and stability, in the real world. Science 290:51.

McCann, Kevin Shear. 2000. The diversity-stability debate. Nature 405:228-233.

McNaughton, S. J. 1977. Diversity and stability of ecological communities: A comment on the role of empiricism in ecology. The American Naturalist 111:515-525.

Mittelbach, Gary G., Christopher F. Steiner, Samuel M. Scheiner, Katherine L. Gross, Heather L. Reynolds, Robert B. Waide, Michael R. Willig, Stanley I. Dodson & Laura Gough. 2001. What is the observed relationship between species richness and productivity? Ecology 82:2381-2396.

Naeem, S. & J. P. Wright. 2003. Disentangling biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning: Deriving solutions to a seemingly insurmountable problem. Ecology Letters 6:567-579.

Nowlin, Weston H., María J. González, Michael J. Vanni, M. Henry H. Stevens, Matthew W. Fields & Jonathan J. Valente. 2007. Allochthonous subsidy of periodical cicadas affects the dynamics and stability of pond communities. Ecology 88:2174-2186.

Oksanen, J. 1996. Is the humped relationship between species richness and biomass an artifact due to plot size? Journal of Ecology 84:293-295.

Orians, Gordon H. 1975. Diversity, stability and maturity in natural ecosystems. In W. H. Van Dobben & R. H. Lowe-McConnell, eds., Unifying Concepts in Ecology. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Netherlands.

Paine, Robert T. 2002. Trophic control of production in a rocky intertidal community. Science 296:736-739.

Pimm, Stuart L. 1984. The complexity and stability of ecosystems. Nature 307:321-326.

Rosenzweig, Michael L. & Zvika Abramsky. 1993. How are diversity and productivity related? Pp. 52-65 in Robert E. Ricklefs & Dolph Schulter, eds., Species Diversity in Ecological Communities: Historical and Geographical Perspectives. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.

Sankaran, M. & S. M. McNaughton. 1999. Determinants of biodiversity regulate compositional stability of communities. Nature 401:691-693.

Stevens, M. Henry H. & Walter Carson. 1999. The significance of assemblage-level thinning for species richness. Journal of Ecology 87:490-502.

Thompson, K. & J. G. Hodgson. 1998. Response to Lawton et al. Functional Ecology 12:852-853. 

Tilman, David. 1997. Community invasibility, recruitment limitation, and grassland biodiversity. Ecology 78:81-92.

Tilman, David, J. Knops, D. Wedin, P. Reich, M. Ritchie & E. Siemann. 1997. The influence of functional diversity and composition on ecosystem processes. Science 277:1300-1302.

Tilman, David, Clarence L. Lehman & Kendall T. Thomson. 1997. Plant diversity and ecosystem productivity: Theoretical considerations. Proceedings of the National Acadeny of Sciences 94:1857-1861.

Tilman, David, D. Wedin & J. Knops. 1996. Productivity and sustainability influences by biodiversity in grassland ecosystems. Nature 379:718-720. 

Vogelsang, K. M., H. L. Reynolds & J. D. Bever.  2006.  Plant species diversity and productivity increase with mycorrhizal fungal diversity in a tallgrass prairie system.  New Phytologist 172:554–562.



13. Disturbance and ecological succession
Bazzaz, F. A. 1979. The physiological ecology of plant succession. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 10:351-371.

Bond, W. J. 1993. Keystone species. Pg. 237-253 in E. D. Schulze and H. A. Mooney, eds. Ecosystem function and biodiversity. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.

Bond, W. J. & J. E. Keeley. 2005. Fire as global ‘herbivore’: the ecology and evolution of flammable ecosystems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20:387-394.

Bond, W. J., F. I. Woodward & G. F. Midgley. 2005. The global distribution of ecosystems in a world without fire. New Phytologist 165:525-538.

Bongers, Frans, Lourens Poorter, William D. Hawthorne & Douglas Sheil. 2009. The intermediate disturbance hypothesis applies to tropical forests, but disturbance contributes little to tree diversity. Ecology Letters 12:798-805.

Bormann, F. H. & G. E. Likens. 1979. Catastrophic disturbance and the steady state in northern hardwood forests. American Scientist 67:660-669.

Bormann, F. H. & G. E. Likens. 1979. Pattern and Process in a Forested Ecosystem…

Bowman, D. Fire Ref.

Brewer, J. Stephen. 2011. Disturbance-mediated competition between perennial plants along a resource supply gradient. Journal of Ecology 99:1219-1228.

Brokaw, N. V. L. 1987. Gap-phase regeneration of three pioneer tree species in a tropical forest. Journal of Ecology 75:9-19.

Brokaw, Nicholas & Richard T. Busing. 2000. Niche versus chance and tree diversity in forest gaps. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15:183-188.

Brokaw, N., S. Fraver, J. S. Grear, J. Thompson, J. K. Zimmerman, R. B. Waide, E. M. Everham III, S. P. Hubbell, and R. B. Foster. 2004. Disturbance and canopy structure in two tropical forests. Pages 177-194 in E. Losos and E. G. Leigh, Jr. (eds.). Tropical Forest Diversity and Dynamism: Results from a Long-Term Tropical Forest Network. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA.

Bruelheide et al. 2011. Community assembly during secondary forest succession in a Chinese subtropical forest. Ecological Monographs 81:25-41.

Bruno, John F. 2000. Facilitation of cobble beach plant communities through habitat modification by Spartina alterniflora. Ecology 81:1179-1192.

Bruno, John F., John J. Stachowicz & Mark D. Bertness. 2003. Inclusion of facilitation into ecological theory. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 18:119-125.

Bush, M. B. & R. J. Whittaker. 1991. Krakatau: Colonization patterns and hierarchies. Journal of Biogeography 18:341-356.

Caswell, H. & J. E. Cohen. 1991. Disturbance, interspecific interactions, and diversity in metapopulations. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 42:193-218.

Chapin et al. 1994.

Chazdon, R. L. 2008. Chance and determinism in tropical forest succession. In: Carson, W. and S. Schnitzer, Eds. Tropical Forest Community Ecology. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, pp. 384-408.

Clements, F. E. 1916. ???

Clements, F. E. 1928. Plant succession and indicators. A definitive edition of plant succession and indicators. H.W. Wilson, New York, NY.

Connell, J. H. & R. O. Slatyer. 1977. Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and their role in community stability and organization. The American Naturalist 111:1119-1144.

Cooper, W. S. 1926. The fundamentals of vegetational change. Ecology 7:391-413.

Cowles, H. C. 1899. The ecological relations of the vegetation on the sand dunes of Lake Michigan. I. Geographical relations of the dune floras. Botanical Gazette 27:95-117,167-202,281-308,361-391.

Cowles, H. C. 1901. The physiographic ecology of Chicago and vicinity: A study of the origin, development, and classification of plant communities. Botanical Gazette 31:73-108,145-182.

Curran, L. M., I. Caniago, G. D. Paoli, D. Astianti, M. Kusneti, M. Leighton, C. E. Nirarita & H. Haeruman. 1999. Impact of El Niño and logging on canopy tree recruitment in Borneo. Science 286:2184-2188.

del Moral, R. & L. C. Bliss. 1993. Mechanisms of primary succession: Insights resulting from the eruption of Mount St. Helens. Advances in Ecological Research 24:1-66.

Deutschman, D. H., S. A. Levin & S. W. Pacala. 1999. Error propagation in a forest succession model: The role of fine-scale heterogeneity in light. Ecology 80:1927-1943.

Deutschman, D. H., S. A. Levin, C. Devine & L.A. Buttel. 1997. Scaling from trees to forests: Analysis of a complex simulation model. Science 227 [online]

http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/deutschman/index.htm

Doyle, T. W. 1981. The role of disturbance in the gap dynamics of a montane rain forest: an application of a tropical forest succession model. Pages 56-73 in D. C. West, H. H. Shugart, and D. B. Botkin (eds.). Forest Succession: Concepts and Application. Springer-Verlag, New York.

Drayton, P. K. 1972. Toward an understanding of community resilience and the potential effects of enrichment to the benthos at McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Pp. 81-95 in B. C. Parker, ed. Proceedings of the Colloquium on Conservation Problems in Antarctica. Allen Press, Lawrence, KS.

Drury, W. H. & I. C. T. Nisbet. 1973. Succession. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 54:331-368.

Egler, F. E. 1954. Vegetation science concepts. I. Initial floristic composition – a factor in old-field vegetation development. Vegetatio 4:412-417.

Fagan, William F. & John G. Bishop. 2000. Trophic interactions during primary succession: herbivores slow a plant reinvasion at Mount St. Helens. Am. Nat. 155:238-251.

Fastie, Christopher L. 1995. Causes and ecosystem consequences of multiple pathways of primary succession at Glacier Bay, Alaska. Ecology 76:1899-1916.

Gleason, H. A. 1926. ???

Gleason, H. A. 1939. The individualistic concept of the plant association. American Midland Naturalist 21:92-108.

Grime, J. P. 1979. Plant strategies and Vegetation Processes. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK.

Halpern, Charles B. 1989. Early successional patterns of forest species: interactions of life history traits and disturbance. Ecology 70:704-720.

Harper, J. L. 1967. A Darwinian approach to plant ecology. Journal of Ecology 55:247-270.

Horn, H. S. 1975. Markovian properties of forest succession. Pp. 196-211 in M. L. Cody & J. M. Diamond, Ecology and Evolution of Communities. Belknap Press, Cambridge, UK.

Hubbell, S. P., R. B. Foster, S. T. O’Brien, K. E. Harms, R. Condit, B. Wechsler, S. J. Wright & S. Loo de Lao. 1999. Light-gap disturbances, recruitment limitation, and tree diversity in a neotropical forest. Science 283:554-557.

Hughes, T. P. 1994. Catastrophes, phase shifts, and large-scale degradation of a Caribbean coral reef. Science 265:1547-1551.

Huston, M. & T. Smith. 1987. Plant succession: life history and competition. American Naturalist 130:168-198.

Levin, S. A. & R. T. Paine. 1974. Disturbance, patch formation, and community structure. PNAS 71:2744-2747.

Lorimer, C. G. 1989. Relative effects of small and large disturbances on temperate hardwood forest structure. Ecology 70:565-567.

McCook, L. J. 1994. Understanding ecological community succession: Causal models and theories, a review. Vegetatio 110:115-147.

Oliver, C. D. 1980. Forest development in North America following major disturbances. Forest Ecology and Management 3:153-168.

Oliver, C. D. & B. C. Larson. 1996. Forest Stand Dynamics. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.

Pacala, Stephen W., Charles D. Canham, John Saponara, John A. Silander, Jr., Richard K. Kobe & Eric Ribbens. 1996. Forest models defined by field measurements: Estimation, error analysis and dynamics. Ecological Monographs 66:1-43.

Paine, R. T. & S. A. Levin. 1981. Intertidal landscapes: Disturbance and the dynamics of pattern. Ecological Monographs 51:145-178.

Paine, Robert T., Mia J. Tegner & Edward A. Johnson. 1998. Compounded perturbations yield ecological surprises. Ecosystems 1:535-545.

Peet, R. K. 1992. Community structure and ecosystem function. Pp. 103-151 in D. C. Glenn-Lewin, R. K. Peet & T. T. Veblen, eds. Plant Succession: Theory and Prediction. Chapman & Hall, London, UK.

Peet, R. K. & N. L. Christensen. 1980. Succession: A population process. Vegetatio 43:131-140.

Peltzer, Duane A. et al. 2010. Understanding ecosystem retrogression. Ecological Monographs 80:509-529.

Pickett, S. T. A. 1976. Succession: An evolutionary interpretation. The American Naturalist 110:107-119.

Pickett, S. T. A., S. L. Collins & J. J. Armesto. 1987. Models, mechanisms, and pathways of succession. Botanical Review 53:335-371.

Pickett, S. T. A. & M. J. McDonnell. 1989. Changing perspectives in community dynamics: A theory of successional forces. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 4:241-245.

Pickett, S. T. A. & P. S. White, eds. 1985. The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics. Academic Press, New York, NY.

Platt, William J. 1975. The colonization and formation of equilibrium plant species associations on badger disturbances in a tall-grass prairie. Ecological Monographs 45:285-305.

Platt, William J., Brian Beckage, R. F. Doren & H. H. Slater. 2002. Interactions of large-scale disturbances: prior fire regimes and hurricane mortality of savanna pines. Ecology 83:1566-1572.

Platt, William J. & Joseph H. Connell. 2003. Natural disturbances and directional replacement of species. Ecological Monographs 73:507-522.

Roxburgh, S. H., K. Shea & J. B. Wilson. 2004. The intermediate disturbance hypothesis: patch dynamics and mechanisms of species coexistence. Ecology 85:359-371.

Runkle, J. R. 1981. Gap regeneration in some old-growth forests of the eastern United States. Ecology 62:1041-1051.

Shea, K., S. H. Roxburgh & E. S. J. Raushert. 2004. Moving from pattern to process: coexistence mechanisms under intermediate disturbance regimes. Ecology Letters 7:491-508.

Sheil, D. & D. F. R. P. Burslem. 2003. Disturbing hypotheses in tropical forests. TREE 18:18-26.

Shugart, H. H. & D. C. West. 1977. Development of an Appalachian deciduous forest model and its application to assessment of the impact of the chestnut blight. Journal of Environmental Management 5:161-179.

Smith, T. & M. Huston. 1989. A theory of the spatial and temporal dynamics of plant communities. Vegetatio 83:49-69.

Sousa, Wayne P. 1979. Disturbance in marine intertidal boulder fields: the nonequilibrium maintenance of species diversity. Ecology 60:1225-1239.

Sousa, Wayne P. 1984. The role of disturbance in natural communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 15:353-391.

Stevens, Jens T. & Brian Beckage. 2009. Fire feedbacks facilitate invasion of pine savannas by Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius). New Phytologist x:xx-xx.

Tansley, A. G. 1920. The classification of vegetation and the concept of development. Journal of Ecology 8:118-149.

Tansley, A. G. 1935. The use and abuse of vegetational concepts and terms. Ecology 16:284-308.

Thoreau, H. D. 1860. The succession of forest trees. Read to the Middlesex Agricultural Society, Concorde, MA, September 1860. Reprinted in 1863 in Excursions, pages 135-160. Ticknor and Fields, Boston, MA.

Turner, Monica G. 2010. Disturbance and landscape dynamics in a changing world. Ecology 91:2833-2849.

Uriarte, María, Charles D. Canham, Jill Thompson, Jess K. Zimmerman, Lora Murphy, Alberto M. Sabat, Ned Fetcher & Bruce L. Haines. 2009. Natural disturbance and human land use as determinants of tropical forest dynamics: results from a forest simulator. Ecological Monographs 79:423-443.

Veblen, T. T. 1992. Regeneration dynamics. Pp. 152-187 in D. C. Glenn-Lewin, R. K. Peet & T. T. Veblen, eds. Plant Succession: Theory and Prediction. Chapman & Hall, London, UK.

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