A Perfect Storm: Childhood Stress, Brain Pruning, and Adolescence
When children come into adolescence, they naturally undergo a period of
developmental pruning of neurons. When we are very young, we have an
overproduction of neurons and synaptic connections. Some of them die off
naturally to allow us to “turn down the noise in the brain,” says McCarthy, and
to increase our mastery in skills that interest us. The brain prepares for becoming
more specialized at the things we’re good at and interested in, while we lose
what we don’t need.
But if, due to childhood stress, lots of neurons and synapses have already been
pruned away, then when the natural pruning that occurs during adolescence
begins to take place, and the brain starts to naturally prune neurons it doesn’t
need so that a teenager can focus on building particular skills—baseball, singing,
poetry—then, suddenly, there may be too much pruning going on.
Dan Siegel, MD, child neuropsychiatrist and clinical professor at the
University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), is the pioneer of a growing field
known as “interpersonal biology,” which integrates the fields of neuroscience
and psychology. According to Siegel, “The stress of Adverse Childhood
Experiences causes toxicity to the neurons and neural pathways that integrate
different areas of the brain.” When adolescent pruning occurs in the integrated
circuitry between the hippocampus, which is important in storing memories; the
corpus callosum, which links the left and right hemispheres of the brain; and the
prefrontal cortex, these brain changes, says Siegel, have a profound effect on our
decision-making abilities, self-regulatory processes, attention, emotional
regulation, thoughts, and behavior.
When these integrated circuits are affected by adversity, or genetic
vulnerability, or both, during preadolescence, says Siegel, and then puberty hits,
“adolescent pruning pares down the existing but insufficient number of
integrated fibers, which makes a child vulnerable to mood dysregulation. It is
when this brain integration is impaired that a dysfunction in mood regulation
may emerge.”
Imagine, hypothetically speaking, that all kids start with 4,000 neurons (that’s
a made-up number, for illustration purposes). Now, let’s say that we have two
five-year-old boys, Sam and Joe. Sam faces early adversity and Joe doesn’t. As
Sam meets up with chronic unpredictable stress in his childhood, his neurons are
slowly pruned away. By the time Sam is twelve, after a lot of stress-related
neuronal pruning, he has 1,800 neurons left. He is still okay, functioning well;
1,800 neurons are enough (using our hypothetical numbers) to get by on, since
kids start out with so many more than they need in the first place.
But then Sam and Joe both go through the adolescent period of neuronal
pruning. Let’s say that Sam and Joe, like all kids, each lose a hypothetical 1,000
more neurons during adolescence. Sam, who grew up with early chronic
unpredictable stress, begins to emerge with a notably different brain from Joe.
Suddenly, the difference between Sam’s brain and Joe’s trauma-free brain
becomes extreme. Joe, who’s grown up fairly adversity free, still has his 3,000
neurons—plenty to go forward and live a healthy and happy life. Meanwhile,
Sam is left with only 800 neurons.
And that makes all the difference. It is not enough for the brain to function in
a healthy manner.
For kids who have already had pruning due to early stress, Siegel explains,
“when average adolescent pruning occurs, what remains may be insufficient for
mood to be kept in balance. If stressors are high, this pruning process may be
even more intense, and more of the at-risk circuits may be diminished in number
and effectiveness.”
The child who faced Adverse Childhood Experiences will be more likely to
develop depression, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, anxiety disorders, or poor
executive function and decision making—many of which can lead to substance
abuse. This may be why, statistically, so many young people first show signs of
depression or bipolar disorders in high school, and in college—even kids who
just a year or two earlier seemed absolutely fine.
Stephen’s parents, both investment bankers, were hardly around when he was
growing up in New York City. Stephen ate dinner at night with his older sister
and their nanny. When his parents came home around nine o’clock, a time when
most kids were getting tucked into bed and kissed good night, they’d all sit down
together at the kitchen table, and the nanny would give her daily report. She was
an older woman who loved to “give a laundry list of what we’d done wrong.”
Stephen “lived in fear of that moment. Especially for my sister.”
His sister, who was five years older, was “already expected to be a genius like
our parents, by the time she was in fourth grade. If she brought home an eighty-
five on a math test, my parents would drill her on math problems until eleven
o’clock.” Then, they’d tell their friends at the next weekend party at our country
house how “Alexis is already doing algebra!”
Stephen, as the baby, often got off lightly when he was young, and recalls
feeling “that my parents loved me and wanted everything for me. But they were
also terrifying.”
As Stephen got older, his parents stopped “treating me like the cute baby.” He
did well academically and his standardized test scores were sometimes off the
charts. “My parents decided that I must be the genius they’d been waiting for. I
got their laser focus.”
But he soon started to feel that “I wasn’t as smart as my parents hoped I’d be.”
When he was nine, Stephen started having acute asthma attacks. He was also
“perpetually forgetful. I’d lose everything. I’d forget to bring my sweater or my
Spanish book home. I’d leave my clarinet in the band room. It made my parents
furious. They’d tell me, ‘Get it together! We don’t have time for your nonsense,
Stephen!’ ” Once, while staying at a plush lakeside resort, he walked into water
with his flip-flops on to look for tadpoles. As he walked out, one flip-flop got
stuck in the mud. “I tried to find it. I was digging in the muck. My dad just lost
it. He stood on the edge of the lake yelling, ‘You lost your flip-flop? Really,
Stephen? You can’t take a walk without losing your shoes? You think we’re
going to just buy you another pair? We’re not buying you anything!’ ” On the
ride home, Stephen had a full-blown asthma attack.
Stephen was also a “nonjock.” He liked to read more than he liked to play
ball. “My dad started calling me ‘pretty boy.’ I’d come in the door from being at
a concert with my friends and he’d say, ‘Hey, pretty boy, good time?’ He was
pissed that I hadn’t spent the weekend on an athletic field the way he had when
he was seventeen, the way his colleagues’ and friends’ kids were.”
As many adult children recall, “it wasn’t all bad. My dad taught me how to
fish, how to sail, and how to analyze the financial pages of the newspaper. My
mom left work to come to every single concert I was in when I played in the
state youth orchestra. Sometimes when my dad was out of town, she’d let my
sister and me snuggle in her bed and we’d watch movies and eat sandwiches
from the deli downstairs. She’d tell me, ‘Your dad loves you so much, he’s just
very stressed with work, it’s not about you, Stevie.’ She was not affectionate.
But she tried.”
In high school Stephen, despite high test scores, couldn’t seem to manage his
workload and get papers in on time, and was diagnosed with attention deficit
disorder, high stakes performance anxiety—and depression. “I just stopped
wanting to go out with my friends, or do anything. I wanted the world to just let
me be.” Then he developed a condition known as alopecia areata, in which the
immune system attacks the hair follicles and segments of hair fall out, leaving
bald patches. “My hair started falling out in huge chunks.’ ”
Stephen went on to grad school, getting his PhD in psychology. Today,
Stephen is forty-two, a high school counselor. He shaves his head so that he
doesn’t have to deal with the recurring bald spots from alopecia. “For me,
knowing what
not
to do with the kids I teach—I like to think that’s the gift my
parents gave me. I can see when a kid is showing signs of anxiety or depression.
I see how at this age, some kids who have been struggling to hold it together for
so long just can’t anymore. Things start to fall apart, and they just can’t
understand what’s happening to them. I
was
that kid.”
The research on neuroinflammation, pruning, and the brain helps to explain why
adverse experiences in childhood are so highly correlated to depression and
anxiety disorders in adulthood. It also sheds light on why, according to the
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), depression affects eighteen million
Americans. The World Health Organization recently cited depression as “the
leading cause of disability worldwide,” responsible for more years of disability
than cancer, HIV/AIDS, and cardiovascular and respiratory diseases combined.
This also may explain other brain-based health disorders. For instance, a
recent study of brain scans of people suffering from chronic fatigue syndrome,
or CFS—myalgic encephalomyelitis, or ME—show higher levels of
inflammation in specific parts of the brain, including the hippocampus and
amygdala. The greater a patient’s level of self-reported CFS symptoms, the
greater the degree of visible brain inflammation.
This may also help to account for why it is that those who faced Adverse
Childhood Experiences are six times more likely to develop chronic fatigue in
the first place.
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