Child Psychology and Psychiatry


Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder



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066 Child Psychology and Psychiatry

153


Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Box 25.1
Symptoms of hyperkinetic disorder in ICD-10
Hyperactivity

Often fidgets with hands or squirms in seat

Difficulty remaining seated when required

Runs about or climbs on things excessively in situations when it is inappropriate

Exhibits a persistent pattern of motor activity (always on the go)

Often noisy in playing or difficulty engaging quietly in leisure activities
Inattention

Fails to sustain attention in tasks or play activities

Often fails to follow through on instructions from others

Often avoids tasks that require sustained mental effort

Often easily distracted

Often loses things that are necessary for tasks or activities

Appears not to listen to what is being said to him/her

Fails to pay attention to details, or makes careless mistakes

Often forgetful in daily activities

Often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities
Impulsivity

Difficulty waiting turn in games or group situations

Often blurts out answers before questions have been completed

Often interrupts or intrudes on others

Often talks excessively
Other

Onset before the age of 7 years

Impairment/interference

Pervasiveness of symptoms
the source of information, and higher rates using
DSM-IV compared with ICD-10 [4]. Like all neu-
rodevelopmental disorders, boys are more com-
monly affected than girls. The male:female sex
ratio is higher in clinics (7– 8:1) than in the com-
munity (3–4:1), suggesting that ADHD in females
is under-recognized.
AETIOLOGY
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is a com-
plex disorder influenced by the interplay of mul-
tiple risk factors. No single risk factor is sufficient
to result in disorder. Although there is a strong
genetic contribution [5], non-inherited factors are
also important. A number of environmental risk
factors have been found to be associated with
ADHD [1,6], but they have not yet been shown to
be definitely causal. Risk factors include:

Genetic factors:
ADHD is highly heritable, like
autism (heritability around 80%).

Specific gene variants:
The most consistent evi-
dence is that dopamine D4 and D5 receptor
gene variants are associated. Effect sizes are
small. There is replicated evidence for associ-
ation between a catechol-
O
-methyltransferase
(COMT) gene variant and conduct disorder
symptoms in ADHD.

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