Child Psychology and Psychiatry


part in shaping the environments they experience



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066 Child Psychology and Psychiatry


part in shaping the environments they experience;
their genetic make-up also affects individual dif-
ferences in sensitivity to environmental influences,
contributing to both resilience and vulnerability to
stress [4].
Families are biologically and culturally evolved
to promote children’s development [5]. Some of
the earliest steps in those processes – prenatal and
postnatal influences on neurobiological regulation,
and early attachment relationships – are discussed
in detail in other chapters. But family relation-
ships and parenting show ongoing links with the
development of children’s behavioural control,
and with the regulation of their attentional, arousal
and emotional systems throughout childhood. In
addition, parents contribute to children’s cogni-
tive development; socialize them into culturally
appropriate patterns of behaviour; promote their
understanding of moral values and the develop-
ment of their talents; and select and secure their
access to key resources beyond the family system.
Successful parenting involves numerous skills
and capacities, varying with the age of the child,
with culture, and with social context. Underlying
this diversity, most models of parenting highlight
two central dimensions, one related to parental
involvement and responsiveness (encompassing
warmth, availability, positive engagement and sup-
port), the second centring on ‘demandingness’
or behavioural control, and incorporating moni-
toring, expectations and behaviour management.
Combinations of these dimensions have been used
to characterize four general styles of parenting [6]:
3



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