Development of social cognition
adults, who were playing with two different toys.
After a while, the toys were put on a shelf and
one of the adults left the room. The remaining
adult then brought out a new toy, played with it
and then put it on the shelf as well. When the first
adult returned and pointed toward the three toys
on the shelf saying ‘Oh look! Give it to me please!’
the infants immediately retrieved the new toy – the
one that this particular adult had not yet played
with. This indicates that the infants interpreted the
adult’s pointing in terms of what the adult
thought
was new and interesting [3].
Sometimes we witness someone trying and fail-
ing to accomplish a simple act. For instance,
someone may try to turn on a light switch but
her fingers slip off. In this case we automatically
mentalize, and see past the external behaviour to
the underlying intention: She meant to turn on the
switch. Another recent experiment showed that
infants as young as 12 months mentalize in the
same way [4]. When infants watched an adult try
but fail to turn on a switch, they recognized the
adults’
intention
and when given the opportunity,
they fully turned on the switch. But if the infants
watched an adult handle the switch without trying
to turn it on, they did not turn it on themselves
thus showing that in the first situation, they were
genuinely mentalizing, rather than simply doing
what might have seemed obvious.
Besides reading the intentions behind each
other’s actions, we also tend to anticipate each
other’s intentions and the behaviour they produce.
For instance, if you know your friend likes sugar
in his coffee, then as he pours himself a cup
you are likely to shift your eyes to the sugar
bowl, anticipating his mental state as well as his
next move. Recent eye-tracking research shows
that 25-month-olds anticipate in this way and,
furthermore, they can anticipate another person’s
next move even if that person is actually mistaken.
In the eye-tracking study, toddlers watched a video
in which an actor repeatedly reached to get his toy
out of a box. When the actor wasn’t looking, the
toy was moved to a different box. Upon the actor’s
return, the toddlers anticipated his next move and
looked to the first box, where the actor still
thought
his toy was located, rather than to where it really
was [5]. This experiment shows unmistakable
mentalizing because the toddlers focused on the
inner experience of the actor, rather than on the
actual location of the toy. Another study using
precisely the same set-up showed that 6- to 8-year-
old children with an autism spectrum disorder
failed to do the same thing; they did not look to the
box where the actor thought the toy was [6]. This
shows that automatic, non-verbal mindreading is
disrupted in children with autism, in addition to the
more explicit social-cognitive and communicative
problems characteristic of the disorder.
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