Chapter one introduction

CHAPTER SIX

CONCLUSION

Tabish Khair is a prolific writer of contemporary Indian English writing. India is the birth place of this author, but later he settled in Denmark as an Associate Professor in the Department of English at Aarhus University, Denmark. He has written a number of books on different issues in different areas such as novels, criticism, and poetry and so on. Khair is a cosmopolitan writer who merges different themes with new innovative and attractive ideas. In his works we find the element of anti-colonial discourse in the respect as he carries the cultural baggage of India and he also tries to assimilate the cultural conflicts prevailing in between his root nation and adopted nation in his variety of works.

We find certain important features of anti-colonial discourse in his works such as Enigma of identity, quest for identity, search for roots, nostalgia of home, tension in mind, east-west encounter, sense of loss, unacceptance, homelessness, alienation, dislocation, and disillusion etc. These are some prominent reasons behind his leaving India and deflations of colonial mind-set which still exists in post-independence Indian scenario can also be observed in his works. He merges the ancient ideas and thoughts with zeal of postmodern era.

Chapter one of the thesis previously focused on the colonial and post -colonial literature. Later it highlights the concept of anti-colonial discourse with the help of the projection of certain theoretical concepts. It also highlights the biography of the writer Tabish Khair. Life and works of Tabish Khair have been discussed at the length in the chapter along with that it is worth noting that the writer delineates his deep sense of attachment with Indian myth, culture, religion and so on.

The words like ‘Diaspora’ and ‘Expatriate’ need no introduction in postcolonial literary world. Indian Diaspora today has emerged with the multiplicity of histories, variety of culture, tradition and a deep instinct for survival. More than twenty million Indian diaspora are surviving all over the word. A diaspora have to accommodate between his ‘home of origin’ and ‘home of adoption’.

Basically Diaspora literature involves an idea of homeland, along with the sense of homelessness. Home or homeland is a place from where the displacement occurs and narratives of harsh journeys undertaken on account of economic compulsions. Actually diaspora generally considered as a minority community living in exile. But nowadays diaspora is any- one living outside their homeland. The diasporic writings, being born and bred out of an overpowering sense of isolation and alienation, usually carry with them an imprint of immigration and expatriation.

Being a diaspora writer Tabish khair has raised a number of issues related to the life of migrant writer and he tried to portray his own lived experiences in his writings. The issues raised by Khair have a great importance in the post –independence Indian English writing which emphatically raises the elements of anti-colonial discourse. Tabish Khair born in a small town of India, Gaya (Bihar) is the birth place of the writer. He belongs to biggest minority community of India. Presently he is residing in Denmark, so he has to face the problems comes in-front of a migrant. Therefore being a diaspora writer certain issues such as; nostalgia, homeland, homelessness, racism, class division, self, alienation, east-west encounter, regional spirit, enigma of identity, search for cultural roots etc. has beautifully dealt by the author in his narratives.

Basically anti-coloniality refers to highlight and focus attention on the regional spirit and cultural hybridity. There is a long list of writers who deal with anti-coloniality like Salman Rushdie, Arundhati Roy, Amitav Ghosh, Bharti Mukherjee, Raja Rao, V. S. Naipaul, R. K. Narayan, Upamanyu Chatterjee, Vikram Seth, etc., and Tabish Khair is a predecessor of this tradition. It is very often to found in the writings of these writers, that they highlight the regional spirit of their native places. Khair in his novels highlights the regional spirit of Bihar, as Bihar (Gaya) is the birth place of the writer.

Actually we cannot separate post-colonialism in our insistence from anti-colonialism when we go through to anti- colonialism as a counter discourse. There has always a fusion/borrowing of ideas/elements between the both. The anti-colonial struggle in India was of a very different nature from that in the other colonised nations. Anti-colonial Discourse is a politics of action; it also may regarded as a way or method of understanding the lived experiences of own.

As in the writings of Tabish Khair we often found the projection of writer’s own lived experiences. Therefore his certain works approaches towards the concept of ant-colonial discourse. The thesis work is divided into six chapters. And these chapters deal with the study of the application of the elements of anti-colonial discourse in his certain works.

The first chapter is the introduction which describes the biography of the writer along with throwing light upon the common aspects of colonial and post-colonial literature. Later, it highlights the elements and theory of anticolonial discourse. In the second chapter of the thesis the study of the critical works of the author entitled Babu Fictions: Alienation in the Contemporary Indian English Novels. Here the Babu term is applied by Khair to address those people who belong to the elite class or upper class or middle class, mostly urban, Brahminized and westernised with strong culture and they also speak fluent English. The Coolies are referred to those people by author as non-English speaking, not significantly westernised, nor or less Brahiminized, and culturally marginalized, rural/ migrant urban, low class and economically weak.

The writer defines the changes and differences in the identities of babus and coolies and their relationships across the time and spatial distances. These changes have been focused by the author with special reference to some specific writers and their certain works like Raja Rao, R. K. Narayan, V. S. Naipaul, Salman Rushdie, and Amitav Ghosh.

From the perspective of alienation, the differences in Babu Fictions are related to the relation of these writers to others and to the society. Because there are some issues and attitudes treated by pre-independence writers and might be used by the writers of the post- independence writers. These writers defines ‘alienation’ in their narratives with the help of some specific issues such as rhetoric of exile, exile sensibility, enigma of identity, hybridity, class, caste, gender, tension in mind, and the problem of mapping language.

The book is written with the description of the term ‘alienation’. The Contemporary Indian English fiction is presented with the element of alienation in it. And the authors in the book discussed by Tabish Khair here are certainly talked about the psycho, socio and cultural condition on account of alienation. Most of these writers belong to an upper caste, westernised, English speaking, Babu Class. And in their narratives they often talk about the low caste Coolies class of India. Therefore here the question rises that how these writers of Babu Class could write properly and subtly about the needs, dilemmas, sufferings, experiences, problems and pain of low class people, which they have not faced in their lives and they are not familiar.

In another words we could say that it is completely dishonesty or cheating in the representation of this particular class of the society. Therefore the basic issue which comes while studying the book, is how these Babu mostly Urban/ westernised/ Brahminized/ English speaking Babu Class could write properly about the psychology and of non or less Brahminized/ non westernised/ non or less English speaking Coolie Class.

In the opening pages of Babu Fictions Tabish Khair mentioned that the book brings the study of Contemporary Indian English writing in English. And it is also sets out to study that how it is possible to write in English about people who often speak less/ no English. But we all know that In India the standard of English Education is very low. So in that condition when they are not able to understand properly the English newspapers or magazines, how would they comprehend and follow the creative works of these writers. Therefore we could say that these writers have written for their pleasure, satisfaction, and in which language they are comfortable. Not for the people of little or no English speaking Coolie Class.

The central issue of the book is ‘alienation’ and ‘class division’. These words are directly related to the concept of anti-colonial discourse. The word ‘alienation’ reflects a great importance in the life of a diaspora writer Such as Raja Rao, R. K. Narayan, V. S. Naipaul, Salman Rushdie and Tabish khair. These writers have employed the term in their writings in different ways. Tabish khair in Babu Fictions focuses upon the word ‘alienation’ with reference to certain writers and with the help of their certain texts as examples. The portrayal of ‘alienation’ in the narratives is very old tradition in the Indian English literature.

Actually Babu Fictions is a study of Contemporary Indian English writing in English and the target audience is certain middle class or less English speaking class. Yet the book does not related directly to the concept of anti-colonial discourse but it approaches towards anti-colonial discourse because the writers discussed in the book by Tabish khair certainly dealt with the issues which approaches towards anti-colonial discourse such as alienation, caste, class, Gender, Hybridity, Rhetoric of exile, Industrial landscape, Identity and language. And these issues are effectively involved in the concept of anti-colonial discourse and Khair has defined these issues in an interesting manner.

These writers of Babu class deal with the issues such as alienation, caste, class, Gender, Hybridity, Rhetoric of exile, Industrial landscape, Identity and language in their narratives. And they have employed low class people as their characters or protagonists to portray such kind of issues whereas the experiences of these characters become the source of the development of the narratives.

Babu Fictions essentially deals with the narration of ‘alienation’ in terms of treatment of language. But Khair also highlights some major aspects which brings alienation in the society. Such as while talking about Anita Desai Khair mentions the elements which brings ‘alienation’ more specifically in the women narratives. The portrayal of alienation from the society and from the family is very depicting in Raja Rao’s Javni and in The Little Gram Shop. The second issue discussed in the book is ‘class division’, which is a prominent signifier of racism. Early it was based upon the colour of the people as White people were considered as superior to Blacks. Subsequently the thinking became change the Indian society was divided on the basis of ethnicity, caste, and on the social, religious and economy.

Therefore it is foremly mentioned that class division became one of the prominent and primary signifier of racism, and racism is one of the important and major characteristic features of Ant-Colonial Discourse. The racial superiority can easily be translated into the terms of class. But there is also a fact that the racism has not determined merely by economic distinctions, rather economic differences are determined by the ideologies of the class.

The third chapter deals with the study of Tabish Khair’s two famous novels; The Bus Stopped and The Thing About Thugs. Both the novels are beautifully narrated by the author. These novels share certain common and some different elements of anti-colonial discourse. The Bus Stopped is written in the form of a travelogue more than a novel. Actually is collection of nicely written master pieces.

There is no central character in the novel The Bus Stopped. The writer picked various characters to different racial groups. Mangal Singh, driver of the bus is the leading character of the novel. He is a cosmopolitan, who has cleverly taken his characters from different religion, racial groups and regions of India. He beautifully discusses some elements of anti-colonial discourse in the book like he mainly highlighted regional spirit of Bihar, sense of alienation, quest for cultural roots, enigma of Home, affection towards his root nation and his experiences which comes across the adoption of a new nation. It is a semi-autobiographical novel. The stories are essentially the narration of memories.

The Bus Stopped is a well-balanced travelogue where a number of stories are woven to create a masterpiece. The stories are essentially the portrayal of memories of a migrant writer. The setting of The Bus Stopped is so fixed on the past that re-living memory comes to replace living experience. And it turns results in petrification and obsession with the past. The writer has essentially used two strong metaphors in the novel, “The Home” and “The Journeys”. Here he used the Home as a signifier of identity and memories of a diasporic writer. And the Journeys are described the movement and the diasporic dynamism. The novel is a Journey of emotions and experiences along with fun. A one short sentence is sufficient to describe the effort of the author and the zest of the novel, ‘the memory on wheels’.

In the 20^th century there are a number of migrations noted especially from third world countries to the western countries. But in this age of globalisation the boundaries has no meaning. And travel writing deconstructs the boundaries. The people of different countries can connect with each other and they can understand the cultural differences of both the countries. The last two decades are witness to the fact that with the globalisation the world is learning to celebrate diversity. It is also the reasonable effect of different racial groups interacting, living, socialising and even accepting material bonding.

The novel The Thing About Thugs is the most famous and mysterious novel of the author. The period portrayed in the novel was nineteenth century it was colonial period in India. The key point of the process of colonialism was that the European colonialisms involved a variety of techniques, patterns and tools of domination all of them produced the economic imbalance that was necessary for the growth of European industry capitalism and culture. It unfolds the haunting mysteries of Victorian London.

Nineteenth century was the culmination period for the process of colonialism, When European states established colonies on other continents. Most of the native people of colonial territory were oppressed and enslaved by the colonising power. At the same time the indigenous people were forced to give up their cultural heritage and to assimilate to the coloniser’s culture. The colonial power always argued that ‘third world countries’ were inferior and needed western help and assistance in order to gain moral integrity and economic wealth. Therefore the portrayal of certain elements becomes more effective and attractive.

The image of India from the western mind is always made by repellent interpretations and by misrepresentations of Indian civilization. The author breaks the shekels of this typical mind set of west towards the eastern countries, that they are much superior in comparison to the west. The racist attitude of west emphatically represented in the novel. The lavish lifestyle of west always fascinates east towards them. Tabish Khair himself migrated to Denmark therefore he better understand the difficulties and problems which a migrated or exiled person faces in his life.

The migration also marks with a new identity of the person, and comes with a different tone which focuses upon the element east-west encounter. This encounter brings some major issues, effectively described by the author such as, barbarism, class, caste, racist attitude, discourse, inter-racial relationships, religion, hybridity, identity, racism, and cultural conflicts. With the help of multiple tools and techniques author denies the superiority of west over eastern subcontinents.

Chapter four of the thesis describes one of the excellent poetic collections of the poet entitled Where Parallel Lines Meet. Poetry has been a finest way of the expression of the experiences, ideas, and feelings since a long time. The poems collected in the collection are essentially the poems of memories of writer’s childhood.

Tabish Khair in this poetic collection focuses essentially the memories of a person/ man living in exile who has tried to experience and re-feel the love, colours, traditions and textures of his native land. The book is a collection of well written poems, especially focused upon the memories of poet’s childhood.

Tabish Khair has tried to fill every object, every single event and occasion of his childhood memories. Apart from the migrant sensibility, he attempted to identify himself. He preferred the pattern of chop up narrative technique. He treated with the multiple themes grounded in the Indian social culture. He has given the pleasure of reading a conventional poetry without being more conventional. The language is smooth, soft along with simple, crisp sentences. The poems are collected here reflects the image of the poet, as a sharp observer. And his childhood memories become a continuous inspiration or source of writing.

The ending of the series of the poems are marked by a beautiful demonstration of the poet upon the migrant sensibility. He desperately defines his vision of home, culture, identity, relationships and their connection with each other. The poet’s effort was to restore these memories. The equality, inner freedom, identity, and self, enriches the life of the poet.

He is in search of another identity besides his own. He returns to his native land with the help of his memories. Tabish Khair himself acclaimed, “That he is an Indian writer, who comes from Patna, Bihar (2013).” The past dominates his poetry. Besides living in Denmark, there is nostalgia in his mind which brings him back to his native country. And he is missing his lovely spend days of his childhood.

His migration changed his identity completely but still he lives his identity with the narration of his memories. The poems collected here are essentially deals with the certain elements of the concept of anti-colonial discourse. The elements such as regional spirit of Bihar, nostalgia of identity, homelessness, dislocation, unacceptance, and search for cultural roots, expatriate writing and alienation are beautifully portrayed by the poet.

The poems of the collection highlights that how these elements affects the life of a migrant poet. The series is a wonderful effort of the poet to express his feelings, ideas, experiences and memories. The poet portrayed himself as a man living in exile, the man tried to re-feel and relive the colours, smells, traditions, culture, and textures of his native country. And through this he is searching another identity.

The fifth chapter of the thesis is the analytical study of racial and colonial otherness in Tabish khair’s excellent critical work The Gothic, Postcolonialism and Otherness: Ghosts from Elsewhere.

The book discussed three related issues, the Gothic, the post-colonialism, and the otherness, in the book. This book represents a systematic study of Gothic literature, his concern with post- colonialism and linked them with otherness. The book is divided into four systematic and interesting parts. Part one of the book offers ‘an introduction’ to the whole sets of issues. The second part provides the study of ‘the Gothic and Otherness’, part three is the study of ‘post-colonialism and Otherness’ and fourth part concerns ‘summing up’ or conclusion related to the above three major issues.

The major concern of the book is the presentation of the ‘other.’ Khair has defined the perception of ‘other’ with the help of certain prominent words used in the post-colonial study such as, gender, culture, class, caste, ethnicity, identity, home, nationality, self, race, inequality, and other etc. And another two issues discussed in the book, the gothic and the post colonialism share common concern of subversion and transgression. Both subversion and transgression aim to the experiencers, views and histories of literature.

The book deals with the re-examination of the treatment of racial/ colonial ‘other’ in gothic fiction. The author tried to focus our attention towards the problems which comes in front of a writer, while the narration of ‘Subalterns’ in the postcolonial era. The book also marks the problems of the representation of ‘differences’ and ‘sameness’ by the author drawn in an adventurous and lucid manner, which is full of critical details but in a concise way. It also highlights the attempts and efforts of the writers of colonial and postcolonial era to ‘write back’.

The readings and descriptions of certain prominent texts of some major writers, such as, Rudyard Kipling, Emily Bronte, Joseph Conrad, Erna Brodber Melville and Jean rhys etc. offers Khair’s innovative and challenging descriptions on certain major issues discussed in the book like, otherness, sameness and differences and identity along with the role of emotions in the literature right from the nineties. Khair has also offered some suggestions which work as a productive ways of engaging with contemporary global and postcolonial issues. The book is a critical survey of English literature from the eighteenth century gothic works to the postcolonial period which highlights the role of racial and colonial otherness prevailing in the Indian English literature. The objective of the author is to explore ‘Otherness’ in English literature from the biblical period to postcolonial period. The book brings a study of ‘other’ that how other has been treated and viewed as a problem, and how they become a major form of horror, fear, violence and marginalisation.

The book marks a pleasure of reading, which constantly brings surprises for the reader; Because Khair is reflected as an author, critic and also a poet in the various descriptions of the book. David Punter also commented about the surprises of the book along with Khair’s attitude towards the writing of the book.

Hence, it is firmly mentioned that the book supports to the concept of anti-colonial discourse because it deals with certain above mentioned issues by the author. And the book uses the concept of ‘Otherness’ in an innovative and insightful way to look again on the issues, the gothic and the post-colonialism.

The post-colonial writing is the witness of the representations of the relationships and conflicts between colonisers and colonised, powerful and powerless, rulers and slaves etc. The twentieth century is marked with a large scale of migrations from the third world countries to the west. There are more than twenty five million people are living and enjoying worldwide. These people suffer some prominent problems in their day to day life, such as sense of alienation, assimilation to the adopted nation, language, culture etc. But now in the 21^st century the thinking has been changed. Now the people do not bother about the previous perception of the relations and conflicts of the coloniser and colonised. People use and enjoy their resources and facilities in all over the world.

There is assimilation and absorption in the writings of the writers of the contemporary age in connection with transnational and transcultural identities because of their frequent visit to different places just for the sake of their own benefit and interest. Tabish Khair is one of the writers of this age who merges his experiences to the cosmopolitan ideas. Migration to Denmark was an important step of his life. This migration marks a new identity of the author.

These certain books of Tabish Khair create new and different flavours of two opposite feelings. These two feelings are the theme of alienation and the theme of assimilation, the alienation from his native country and the assimilation of the new ideas of the contemporary age. His alienation from his land has given a new identity but he has still connected with his native country along with that he tries to assimilate himself between his root nation and adopted nation. He remembers his native country with the help of the portrayal of the themes related to his root nation and his childhood memories. Apart from that he has focused on the issues related to the global welfare. Besides the fact that he is living outside his native land he returns back to his roots with the help of the narration of his own lived experiences and memories.

He is in deep affection of his native country. He adopted a liberal attitude towards the portrayal of the variety of themes related to his adopted nation, his home of origin and towards Islam. He wants to see Islam in a progressive way. Khair describes himself as a “part of a long, complex and obscured history of small town cosmopolitan, and has questioned the privileged discourses of metropolitan globalisation and the literatures of metropolitan capital in his critical work and, more obliquely, in his creative writings” (http://www.tabishkhair.co.uk/biography). No doubt the range of his subject matter is vast enough to cover various fields like Hinduism, Islam, academic issues, as well as social and ethical issues. They all indicate the comprehensive knowledge of the writer in all the fields.

WORKS CITED AND CONSULTED

A. Vishnu. “Age of Hinglish Remixes”. The Hindu Retrieved 10 March 2011.

Ahmad, A. In Theory, Classes, Nations, Literatures. London: Verso, 1992. Print.

Alam, Shahidul. “A Blessing for My Children”. The Hindu January 1 2006. Print.

Ashcraft, Bill. et, al. The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Postcolonial

Literatures. New Delhi: Paperback, 2002. Print.

Aveling, Harry. Book Reviews: The Gothic, Postcolonialism and Otherness: Ghosts

From Elsewhere. Transnational Literature, (November 2010):Vol. 3(1). Print.

Bhaba, Homi. The Location of Culture. London: Routledge, 1994. Print.

Blackburn, Kevin. “Desguised Anti-Colonialism: Protest against the White Australia

Policy in Malaya and Singapore 1947-1967”. Australian Journal of

International Affairs, (2001):Vol. 55. p. 101-117. Print.

Blunt, Alison. Domicile and Diaspora: Anglo-Indian Women and Spatial Politics of

Home. USA: Blackwell Publishing, 2005. Print.

Boehmer, Elleke. Colonial and Postcolonial Literature: Migrant Metaphor. New

York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Print.

Brah, Avtar. Cartographies of Diaspora: Contesting Identities. New York: Rutledge,

1997. Print.

Brahmbhatt, Tushar. “A Study of Modernist style of Poetry and Contemporary

matters with special reference to Indian English Writing”. Acme International

Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, (April 2013):Vol. 1(4). Print.

Brain, Youthers. “Review of Tabish Khair’s Other Routes: 1500 years of African and

Asian Travel Writing". Berghan Journals Book Reviews, (2008):Vol. 9(1).

Print.

Bressler, Charles E., Literary Criticism: An Introduction to Theory and Practice. New

Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1999. Print.

Bronte, Emily. Wuthering Heights. London: Vintage Books, 2008. Print.

Cahen, Michel. Anti-Colonialism and Nationalism: Deconstructing synonymy,

investigating Historical Process. Leyde: Brill Academia, April 23, 2012. Print.

Cesaire, A. Discourse on Colonialism. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1972.

Print.

Chatterjee, Partha. The Nation and its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial

Histories. New Delhi: Paperback, 1993. Print.

Childs, Peter. and R. J. Patrik Williams. An Introduction to Post-Colonial Theory.

New Delhi: Paperback, 1997. Print.

Chopra, Shaili. “The Dark and the Sublime: The Story of Rajat Gupta”. Tahellka

Magazine October 30. (2012):Vol. 9(44). Print.

Clarke, J. J. Oriental Enlightenment: The Encounter between Asian and Western

Thought. London: Routledge, 1997. Print.

Clifford, James and George E. Marcus Eds. Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics

of Ethnography. Berkley: University of California press, 1986. Print.

Cohen, R. Global Diasporas: An Introduction. London: UCL Press, 1997. Print.

Collins, W. The Woman in White. London: Penguin, 2003. Print.

Daruwalla, N. Keki. “Man of Glass: Reflection”. Biblio: A Review of Books, (2010):

Vol.15. Print.

Dei, G. J. S. and Asharzadeh. “The Power of Social Theory: The Anti-Colonial

discursive framework”. The Journal of Educational Thoughts, (2001): 35(3).

Print.

Dei, G. J. S. Fanon, Anti-Colonialism and Education: An Introduction. Rotterdam:

Sense Publishers, 2010. Print.

Dei, G. J. Sefa. and A. Kempf . Anti- Colonial Thoughts, Education and Politics of

Resistance. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers, 2006. Print.

Dixon, Robert. Traveling in the West: The Writing of Amitav Ghosh. Tabish Khair Ed.

New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2003. Print.

Dore, Ganapathy Geetha. The Post-Colonial Indian Novel in English. USA:

Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2011. Print.

Doren, Van. C. The idea of progress. New York: Fredrick A., 1967. Print.

Douglas, Mary. The Caste System and Its Implications. London: Paladin, 1972. Print.

Drucker, Peter .“The Global Economy and the Nation-State”. Foreign Affairs

Magazine 1997. Print.

Dwivedi, A. N. Ed. Ancient Ballads and Legends of Hindustan. Bareilly: Prakash

Book Depot, 1976. Print.

Dwivedi, Om Prakash. “The Thing about Thugs: Book Review”. Asiatic Journal of

English Language and Literature, (2011): Vol. 5. Print.

Dwivedi, O. P. Ed. “Book Reviews: Literature of the Indian Diaspora”.

Transnational Literature: Flinders University, (2012):Vol. 4 (2). Print.

Ford, Boris. The New Pelican Guide to English Literature. Vol.8. London: Pelican,

1983. Print.

Gámez- Fernández, M. Cristina and Om Prakash Dwivedi. Tabish Khair: Critical

Perspectives. USA: Cambridge Scholars, 2014. Print

Gandhi, Leela. Postcolonial Theory: A Critical Introduction. 1998. New York:

Columbia University Press, 1998. Print.

Ghosh, Amitav. The Hungry Tide. Delhi: Ravi Dayal, 2004. Print.

---, A Critical Companion. New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2003. Print.

Ghosh, Priyali. “Babus versus Coolies: A Review”. Angles on the English-Speaking

World, (2001): Vol.1. Print.

Guehenno, Jean-Marie. The End of Nation State. Victoria, Elliott. Trans. USA:

University of Minnesota Press, 1995. Print.

Habib, Irfan. Essays in Indian History. Delhi: Tulika, 1997. Print.

Hall, Stuart. Colonial Discourse and Postcolonial Theory: A Reader. New York:

Colombia University Press, 1994. Print.

Hebegger, Jena. “Literary Transculturations”. Transnational Literature, (2011): Vol.

4(1). Print.

Heidegger, Martin. Poetry, Language, Thought. Trans. Albert Hofstadter. New York:

Harper Colophon, 1975. Print.

Hicks, Kristin Nord. “Remembrance of Homes Past: The narration of memory in

Baumgartner’s Bombay, The Bus Stopped and The God of Small Things”.

Bergen Open Research Archive, 2012. Print.

Hiebert, G. Paul. “Beyond Anti-Colonialism to Globalism”. Missiology: An

International Review, July 3. (1991):Vol. 21 (3). Print.

Hogle, J.E. Ed. The Cambridge Companion to Gothic Fiction. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 2006. Print.

Howison, Phil. The Decline of Nation-State. Wellington: Victoria University, Oct 16,

2006. Print.

Ibhawoh, Bonny. “Second World War Propaganda, Imperial Idealism and Anti-

Colonial Nationalism in British Africa”. Nordic Journal of African Studies,

(2007):16 (2). Print.

Jain, Shruti. And Anuj Kushwaha. “Exploring Fictionality of Reality Through Tabish

Khair’s Muslim Modernities”. International Journal of English and

Education, (2014): Vol.3 (2). p. 517-521. Print.

Jameson, R. Postmodernism or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. London:

Verso, 2005. Print.

Kaur, Harbir. “Gothic and Supernatural Elements in Beloved and Wuthering

Heights”. The Achievers Journal, (February 2015): (1). Print.

Kaviraj, Sudipta. The Imaginary Institution of India: Politics and Ideas. New York:

Columbia University Press, 2010. Print.

Kempf, A. Ed. Breaching and Colonial Contract. New York: Springer, 2009.Print.

Khair, Tabish. My World. Delhi: Rupa and Co., 1994. Print.

---, An Angel in Pyjamas: The Great Indian dilemma. New Delhi: Harper Collins,

1996. Print.

---, Where Parallel Lines Meet. New Delhi: Penguin, 2000. Print.

---, Babu Fictions: Alienation in the Contemporary Indian English Novels. New

Delhi: O. U. P, 2001. Print.

---, Ed. Amitav Ghosh: A Critical Companion. New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2003.

Print.

---, The Bus stopped. New Delhi: Picador, 2004. Print.

---, Filming: A love Story. New Delhi: Picador, 2007. Print.

---, “Indian Pulp Fiction in English, a Preliminary over view from Dutt to De”. The

Journal of Commonwealth Literature, (2008): 43(3). Print.

---,. Muslim Modernities: Tabish Khair’s Essays on Moderation and Mayhem 2001-

2007, ed. Renu Kaul Verma Ed. New Delhi: Vitasta, 2008. Print.

---, Betwist the Twain: East west in Rushdie’s Zubaan-Tongue. Huroko Momma and

Michael Matto Eds. Wiley: Blackwell Publishing, 2008. Print.

---, The Gothic Post-colonialism and Otherness: Ghosts from Elsewhere. U. K:

Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. Print.

---, Tribute to Meenakshi Mukherjee: Meenakshidi.Transnational Literature.

(November 2009): Vol. 2. Print.

---, Man of Glass: Poems. New Delhi: Harper Collins, 2010. Print.

---, The Thing About Thugs. New Delhi: Harper Collins, 2010. Print.

---, How to Fight Islamist Terror from Missionary Position. New Delhi: Harper

Collins, 2012. Print.

Khair, Tabish and Shashi Tharoor. A Companion to Indian Fiction in English. Ed.

Pier Piciucco Paolo. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and distributors, 2004.

Print.

Khair, Tabish. and Sebastian Doubinsky. Reading Literature Today. New Delhi:

Sage, 2011. Print.

Khair, Tabish and Martin, Leer Eds. Other Routes: 1500 Years of African and Asian

Travel Writing. Signal Books: Indiana University Press, 2006. Print.

Krishnaswamy, N. et. al. Contemporary Literary Theory. Macmillan: New Delhi,

2011. Print.

Kumar, T. Vijay. “Indian Literature: At Home in the World”. Muse India, (11march

2013): (48). Print.

Lau, Lisa. & Ana Cristina Mendes Eds. Re-Orientalism and South Asian Identity

Politics: The Oriental Other Within. London: Routledge, 2011. Print.

Loomba, Ania. Colonialism/ Postcolonialism (2^nd Ed.). London: Routledge, 2005.

Print.

Lopez. L. Maria. “Travel writing and Postcoloniality: Caryl Phillips’s The Atlantic

Sound”. Academic Journal. (June 2003):Vol. 25 (1). p. 51. Print

Lorde, A. Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches. New York: Crossing Press, 1984.

Print.

Mandaville, Peter. Transnationalism. New Delhi: Routledge, 2001. Print.

McDonnell, Jenny. “Tabish Khair’s The Gothic, Postcolonialism and Otherness:

Ghosts from Elsewhere”. Dublin: The Irish Journal of Gothic and Horror

Studies, (2013): Vol.12. Print.

Md. Rezaul Haque in his “Review Essay: Colonial Thugs and Metropolitan Things:

White Man’s Twin Burdens Tabish Khair’s, The Thing about Thugs”.

Transnational literature: Flinders University, (2014):Vol. 7 (1). Print.

Mehrotra, Arvind Krisna. An Illustrated History of Indian Literature in English. New

Delhi: Permanent Black, 2003. Print.

Mehta, Suketu. Maximum City. Viking: Penguin, 2004. Print.

Memmi, A. The Colonizer and the Colonized. Boston: Beacon Press, 1969. Print.

Mercer, K. Decolonization and Disappointment: Reading Fanon’s Sexual Politics.

Seattle: Bay Press, 1996. Print.

Mishra, Vijay. “What Was Postcolonialism?” The John Hopkins University Press,

(2005): Vol.36 (3).p.375-402 Print.

MLA Hand Book for Writers of Research Papers (seventh Ed.). New Delhi: East-West

Press Pvt. Ltd., 2009. Print.

Moolla, F. Fiona. “Border Crossing in the African travel narratives of Ibn Batuta,

Richard Burton and Paul Theroux”. University of Western Cape: The journal

of Post-colonial Writing, 2012. Print.

Mukherjee, Arun P. “Post-colonialism: Some Uneasy Conjunctures” Interrogating

Post-Colonialism: Theory, Text and Context. Harish Trivedi and Meenakshi

Mukherjee Eds. Shimla: IIAS, 1996. Print.

Murray, Rothbard. N. “Nations by Consent: Decomposing the Nation- State”. Journal

of Liberation Studies, 1994. Print.

Nagarajan, M.S. English Literary Criticism and Theory. Orient Blackswan: Chennai,

2012. Print.

Nandy, Aashis. The Intimate Enemy; Loss and Recovery of Self Under Colonialism.

New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1986. Print.

Naipaul, V. S. An Area of Darkness. London: Andse Dentseh, 1964. Print.

Narasimhaiah, C. D. The Swan and the Eagle. Shimla: Indian Institute of Advanced

Studies, 1969. Print.

Nayar, K. Pramod. Contemporary Literary and Cultural Theory. Delhi: Pearson,

2010. Print.

Nebbou, Abdelkader. “The Colonial Discourses verses Anti-Colonial Discourse in

West African Postcolonial Literature”. Scholars World: IRMJCR, (2013): Vol.

1(3). Print.

Paranjape, Makarand, “Coping with Post-Colonialism”, “Interogating Post-

Colonialism: Theory, Text & Context. Ed. Harish Trivedi and Meenakshi

Mukharjee. Shimla: IIAS, 1996. Print.

Philips, Mike. “Migration, Modernity and English Writing: Reflections on Migrant

identity and canon formation”. Tate Encounters, (Oct. 2007): Vol.1. Print.

Prerna, Namrata Horo and R. K. Singh. “Tabish Khair: Quest for Home and Cultural

Indentity”. Academia Education, (July 2. 2013):Vol.26. Print.

Ramrao, Totawad Nagnath. “Post-Colonial theory: A Retrospect”. Proceedings of

National Seminar on Literary Theory and Literature, January 27-28, 2012. p.

135-138. Print.

Robertson, W. The History of America. London: Cadell. 1812. Print.

Roy, Depankar. “Representation of the ‘National Self: Novelistic Portrayal of a New

Cultural Identity in Gora”. Rup Katha Journal of Interdisciplinary studies in

Humanities, (2010): Vol. 2(4). Print.

Roy, S. Nilanjana. “Other Routes: Disorientalism”. Biblio: A Review of Books.

(2006): Vol.11. Print.

Rushdie, Salman. Imaginary Homelands. London: Granta books, 1971. Print.

Ruth Van Den. “Hush, Little Baby-Ghost: The Postcolonial Gothic and Haunting

History in Toni Morrison’s Beloved”. Diffractions Graduate Journal for the

Study of Culture. (2013): (1). Print.

Said, Edward. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Vintage, 1994. Print.

Sartre, Paul- Jean. Colonialism and Neo-Colonialism. Trans. Haddour, Azzedine. et

al. London: Routledge, 2001. Print.

Sasi, Kiran, S. D. New Paradigms of Post- Colonial Indian Writings in English: A

Survey. (Dec. 2011):Vol. 4 (2). Print.

Satchidanandan, K. “Mapping Memories” Biblio: A Review of Books, (2000) Vol. 6.

Print.

Sawant, B. Shrikant. “Postcolonial Theory: Meaning and Significance”. Proceedings

of National seminar on Literary Theory and Literature, January 27-28, 2012.

p.120-127 Print.

Schapiro, J. S. Condorcet and The Rise of Liberalism. New York: Octagon Books,

1963. Print.

Scott, David. Conscripts of Modernity: The Tragedy of Colonial Enlightenment.

Durham: Duke University Press, 2004. Print.

Sefa Dei, J. George and Arlo Kemph. Ed. Anti- Colonialism and Education: The

Politics of Resistance. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers, 2006. Print.

Selden, Raman. et al. A Reader’s Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory (fifth

edition).United Kingdom: Pearson Longman, 2005. Print.
Selmon, Stephen. The Scramble for Post-Colonialism in Describing Empire: Post

Colonialism and Texuality. Helen Tiffin et al. Eds. London: Routledge, 1994.

Print.

Sheel, Charu C. Amutha. “London Drcams: Analysis of Tabish Khair’s The Thing

About Thugs as an Anti-Colonial Discourse”. Language in India, (2011):Vol.

11(12). Print.

Shohat, Ella. “Notes on the Post-colonial: Third World and Post-Colonial Issues”.

Duke University Press, (1992):99-113. Print.

Sidhiqui, Mohsin. “Doing Discourse Doggy Style”. Tahellka Magazine (May12,

2012):Vol. 9(19). Print.

Simmons, Marlon and George J. Sefa Dei. Reframing Anti-Colonial Theory for

Diasporic Context: Postcolonial Directions in Education. Toronto: OISE,

(2012): 1(1). Print.

Singh Varsha and Himanshu Shekhar Choudhary. “The Midnight’s Grandchildren:

Articulating the Postmodern Spirit in English Fiction of India Analyzing Tabish Khair’s The Thing About Thugs”. The Criterion, (April 2013):Vol. 4(2). Print.

Singh, R. K. Voices of the Present: Critical Essays on Some Indian English Poets.

Jaipur: Book Enclave, 2006. Print.

Snodgrass, M. E. Encyclopedia of Gothic Literature: The Essential Guide to the Lives

and Works of Gothic Writers. New York: Facts on File, 2005. Print.
Staszak. Jean- Francois. Other/ Otherness. Elsevier: Publiedans International

Encyclopaedia of Human Geography, 2008. Print.

Triandafllidou, Anna. “National Identity and the Other”. Ethnic and Racial Studies,

1998: 21(4). Print.

Troy, S. Thomas et al. Warlords Rising: Confronting Violent Non-State Actors.

Lanham MD: Lexington, 2005. Print.

Walsh, William. Indian Literature in English. London: Longman, 1990. Print.

Waugh, Patricia. Literary Theory and Criticism. New Delhi: OUP, 2006. Print.

Williams, R. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. New York: OUP,

1976. Print.

Wilson, Andrew. Ukrainian Nationalism in the 1990s: A Minority Faith. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1997. Print.

Wisker, Gina. “Crossing Liminal Spaces: Teaching the Postcolonial Gothic”.

Pedagogy, (2007): 7 (3). Print

Wright, Alexa. Monstrosity: The Human Monster in Visual Culture. London: IB

Tauris, 2013. Print.

Wood, Michael. “Review of Babu Fictions: Alienation in Contemporary Indian

English Novels”. London Review of Books, (2001):Vol. 23(8). Print.

<http://chnm.gmu.edu/worldhistorysources/unpacking/travelauthor.html1/12/2004/>



<http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17449855.2012.759128/>

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorter_Oxford_English_Dictionary/>

<http://igcollege.org/files/pdf/3%20Post-Colonialism.pdf/>

<http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/a-thug-redeemed/1/109677.html. January 28. 2015/>

<http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-today-book-review-of-the-bus-stopped-by-tabish-/>

<http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-today-book-review-of-the-bus-stopped-by-tabish-khair/1/196167.html. April1. 2015/>

<http://ptw.uchicago.edu/Mares11.pdf/>



<http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/23736/12/12_bibliography.pdf. January 28. 2015/>

<http://www.amazon.com/> August 13, 2014.

www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c05/E6-89-37.

<http://www.harpercollins.co.in/> 22 January 2015).

www.indiaclub.com/>





<http://www.navtejsarana.com/brbib2.htm/>

<http://www.navtejsarna.com.january/>25 January, 2013

<http://www.outlookindia.com/people/3/Siddhartha-Deb/6314/> January 28. 2015.



<http://www.rhetoricalens.info/wpcontent/themes/rhetoricalens/pdf/Bibliography/Safran.pdf/> January 28. 2015.

<http://www.skase.sk/volumes/JLSOI/pdf_doc/o6.pdf/>

< http://www.manasianliteraryprize.org/>

http://www.tabishkhair.co.uk/biography/ January 22 2014



<https://www.marxists.org/archive/guevara/1964/12/11.htm/>

< http://dscprize.com/updates/2012-shortlist-announced/>

< http://kirkusreview.com> Jan. 25, 2013. Print.

(December, 2011):Vol. 4(2) p.24

> January 22. 2013

<https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/.../Kemph-Arlo-201011-Phd-thesis.pdf/> May7. 2015

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gothic-fiction> May24. 2015

May 24. 2015

<http://www.gradesaver.com/rudyard-kipling-poems/study-guide/summary-the-ballad-of-east-and-west/> May25. 2015

May 26.2015.

www.uni-saarland.de/.../Khair-The Hindu-Intimations.pdf/>. May6. 2001

dspace.flinders.edu.au/jspui/…/2328/…/Every_Reader_Is_A_Stranger.pdf. May 24.2015

com/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/Frumin-A-Place-Within.pdf. May25.2015