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Conclusion on chapter II
The commonality between the grammatical properties of Russian and English is determined by their common belonging to the Indo-European family and is manifested in the presence of common grammatical meanings, categories and functions, for example: categories of number for nouns, categories of degrees of comparison for adjectives, categories of tense for a verb, functional significance of word order and etc.
At the same time, the difference in the principles of the grammatical structure, expressed in the belonging of these languages to different grammatical groups, is reflected in significant differences between grammatical properties, for example, in the existence of dissimilar grammatical categories: articles in English, gerunds in Russian; full agreement in Russian, fixed word order in English; etc.
Thus, the purpose of this work is to conduct a comparative analysis of the parts of speech in Russian and English. Identify common and distinctive features in both languages. To achieve this goal, we set the following tasks:
consider different approaches to the definition of the concept of "part of speech"
consider the classification of parts of speech in English
consider the classification of parts of speech in Russian
identify differences in the composition of grammatical categories and means of their expression in both languages
identify parts of speech distinguished only in English, distinguished in Russian
This work consists of an introduction, two chapters, the first of which explores the concept of parts of speech, the second - grammatical transformations and their types, conclusions and a list of sources used.
Conclusion
The entire vocabulary of English, like all Indo-European languages, is divided into certain lexical and grammatical classes, traditionally called parts of speech. The existence of such classes is not in doubt among any of the linguists, although their interpretation is not the same for different scientists. The classification of parts of speech continues to be a contentious issue; there are differences among linguists regarding the number and nomenclature of parts of speech.
The noun in English is characterized by the presence of three grammatical categories: 1) the category of case, expressed by the declension paradigm, consisting of six cases; 2) category of number, consisting of two numbers - singular and plural; 3) the category of grammatical gender, representing three genders - masculine, feminine and neuter, having a corresponding morphological expression.
A noun in English is characterized by the presence of two grammatical categories: 1) the category of number, consisting of two numbers, singular and plural;
2) the category of determinativity (certainty - uncertainty), expressed by articles in the preposition.
The adjective in Russian is characterized by the presence of agreement with the noun in gender, number and case and the category of the degree of quality.
The verb in the Russian language is characterized by the presence of seven grammatical categories: 1) the aspect category, expressed by morphological forms of the imperfect and perfect aspect; 2) the category of time, which finds its expression in the forms of five times - three forms of time of the imperfect and two forms of the perfect form; 3) the category of voice, which has a morphological expression in the form of active, reflexive-middle and passive voice; 4) category of mood, represented by the forms of three moods - indicative, imperative and subjunctive or conditionally desirable; 5) the category of a person expressed by personal endings; 6) category of number expressed by personal endings; 7) categories of grammatical gender in the past tense singular forms.
The following grammatical categories are presented in the English verb system: 1) the category of time, expressed in three forms of time - present, past and future; 2) the category of mood, represented by six morphologically expressed forms of moods - indicative, imperative, subjunctive I, subjunctive II, presumptive and conditional; 3) the category of voice, which has a morphological expression in the form of active and passive voice; 4) the category of the species, represented by the forms of two types - general and long; 5) the category of temporal reference, represented by the forms of the perfect; 6) the category of a person expressed in the present tense by the morpheme -(e)s and zero morphemes in other persons; 7) category of number.
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