Chapter I. Pragmatic aspects of english teaching and learning

PRAGMATICAL ASPECT OF TRANSMITTING NEW PHENOMENA IN SOCIO-POLITICAL TRANSLATION

Contents

Introduction………………………………...…..…………………………..……..3

CHAPTER I. PRAGMATIC ASPECTS OF ENGLISH TEACHING AND LEARNING
1.1. The Scope of Pragmatics ……………………………………………….……..6
1.2. Pragmatic Competence …………………………………………………….….9
1.3. Language in context………………………………………………………….24
Summary to Chapter I……………...……………………………………….…….27

CHAPTER II. CONTEXTUAL APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF TERMINOLOGY
2.1. Grammatical difficulties of translation……………………………………….30
2.2. Lexical difficulties of transformation………………………………...………45
2.3. Stylistic difficulties of translation…………………………………...……….52
Summary to Chapter II…………..……………………….……………………….58

CHAPTER III. PRACTICAL PART. TEACHING THE INTERPRETATION OF POLITIC DISCOURSE IN MODERN LINGUISTICS
3.1. Translation of Political literature and terms …………………………...…….61
3.2. Discourse analysis and the teaching Political terms in Modern English….…67
3.3. The various methods in developing teaching Political vocabulary………….78
Summary to Chapter III………...………………….…………………..………….85

Conclusion …………………………………….….…….……….……………..…87

Appendix.................................................................................................................93


Introduction
In linguistics, context has a significant importance in conveying the meaning of a given text. Therefore, comprehending the context is an important task in the area of several linguistic disciplines such as: applied linguistics, computational linguistics, lexical semantics, cognitive linguistics. Context actuates the variation of meaning and provides valuable information to understand the reason why a certain word varies in meaning when used in different types of text. The following qualification paper tries to identify types of context that can help us to understand the actual meaning of a word. The discussion in the theoretical literature focuses mostly on clear-cut examples and avoids the broader issues.
The President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Sh. Mirziyoev displayed his concern about the insufficient level of the knowledge of foreign languages by our school and high school teachers and issued a special Resolution for measures to improve the system of teaching foreign languages, especially English, being the global language of international and intercultural communication. ¹ The linguistic sciences as continuously developing areas of human knowledge should be capable of promoting the strategies in the declared priorities for FLT improvement. Linguistic research, therefore, should be aimed at the solution of the topical issues in the language research which could be regarded as relevant for the improving of teaching and acquisition of the English language in our country.
A great number of scientific articles and research works dedicated to the issues of pragmalinguistic aspects in different types of discourse deal with various aspects of Political terms phenomena and yet there is no work which can present a more or less comprehensive and generally acceptable interpretation of the specific common and opposing features of these phenomena, which in its turn accounts for the topicality of the present study.
As has been stated above, the issues of the distinction between polysemy and homonymy still represent very much an unsolved question, as the scientific discussion in the theoretical literature focuses mostly on clear-cut examples and avoids the broader issue.²
The object of our research is the linguistic phenomena of meaning development in the vocabulary units related to terms of Politics.
The subject of the graduation work is pragmalinguistic aspect of using terms related to Politics in different types of discourse.
The scientific hypothesis of the present research is that Pragmatics has been defined in various ways. According to George Yule “pragmatics refers to the study of meaning in interaction or meaning in context, exploring how linguistic utterances could be interpreted differently as a result of different contextual forces and communicative goals (2000:3).” He defines pragmatics as the study of speaker meaning: the focus is upon the interpretation of what people mean by their utterances rather than what the phrases in the utterances mean by themselves. Speaker meaning is necessarily bound to contextual meaning and how the particular context influences what is uttered. The context comprises the addressee, the place, the time and other circumstances. Pragmatics also aims at investigating the invisible meaning: how what the unsaid is recognized to be a relevant part of a conversation. The proportion of what is said and unsaid is determined by a physical, social or conceptual distance. In this respect, pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative distance.
David Crystal proposes another definition of pragmatics as “the study of language from the point of view of users, especially of the choices they make, the constraints they encounter in using language in social interaction and the effects their use of language has on other participants in the act of communication (1997:301).”
The main aim of the qualification paper is to investigate terms related to Politics in different types of discourse phenomena and the peculiarities of their contribution to the language development and vocabulary enlargement on all the language levels, as well as in various texts.
In order to specify the aim of the research, the following tasks have been identified:
1. To define the content of the terms “Politics” and “pragmalinguistic”, to outline the distinctive features of these notions and to give a brief survey of the basic interpretations of these notions in linguistics
2. To establish a range of the issues central to the concept “discourse”, and the basic terms used by those involved in this field of research;
3. To examine the content of the term ‘Politics’, to take a survey of general approaches taken to the definition of this term, as well as to the outline of the notion “pragmatic” in English;
5. To investigate into the notion of “pragmalinguistic”, and to establish its role in developing different types of discourse.
The tasks set predetermined the usage of the following methods of research: method of the notional deduction, inference method, contextual analysis method.
The scientific novelty of the thesis lies in the attempt to refocus the analysis of the well-known linguistic phenomena from the traditionally semasiological aspect to a linguo-cognitive analysis and pragmalinguistic analysis which consists in the following new approach including:
1. Investigation into the conceptual mechanisms of discourse formation;
2. Examination and definition of the role that term ‘Politics” plays in the development of discourse;
The theoretical relevance of the diploma work consists in the following:
1. The systematization of the theoretical material and language facts on different approaches taken to define the notions of ‘Politics” in Linguistics;
3. The attempt to interpret the phenomena of pragmalinguistic through linguo-cognitive processes to get a deeper insight into the mechanisms regulating these functions within the framework of such modern linguistic trends as Cognitive Linguistics.
The practical relevance of our thesis consists in that it can be used as additional material for lectures on Semasiology, Semantics and Word formation, Cognitive Linguistics as well as during practical English lessons.
The methodological base of our research is comprised of the works by foreign, Russian and Uzbek linguists. Among foreign authors, we should mention G. Lakoff, R. W. Langacker, D. Geeraerts, E. Rosch, J. Utt and S. Pado, A. Wierzbicka and others. Among Russian and Uzbek Linguists, we should mention R.S. Ginzburg, I.V. Arnold, J.B. Buranov, O.M. Muminov D.S. Zykova I.V., N.D. Arutyunova, E.S. Kubryakova, D.U. Ashurova, M.R. Galieva, V.A. Maslova, etc.³
The results of the survey were presented during theoretical and practical conferences held during the period of Bachelor’s studies when the work was carried out, and published in the form of article in collections of articles by Sagindikova Umida Zinullayevna “Translation of political literature and terms”
The tasks of our research account for its structure. The research consists of this introduction, three chapters, conclusion and the bibliography.
Chapter I deals with the theoretical framework of the research and description of Pragmatic Competence as the basic object of research.
Chapter II deals with the detailed overview of contextual approach as linguistic phenomena.
Chapter III describes the principles and criteria for discourse analysis and the teaching Political terms in English.
In the Conclusion presents the findings and the outcomes of the research.
Bibliography covers the list of literature used during the investigation.