First
, aviation is the fastest and most convenient mode of transportation over long
distances;
secondly
, currently the flight service seems attractive to tourists;
thirdly
, airlines pay commissions directly and through international booking and
reservation networks to travel agencies for each seat placed on an aircraft, thereby
encouraging them to choose an airline.
Air transport is one of the fastest growing and fastest growing sectors of the world
economy, and every year it takes an increasingly strong place in the global transport
system.
There are currently more than 1,300 airlines in the world. An average of 1.5 billion
people are transported on flights each year. Today, international airlines operate more
than 470 carriers, about 250 of which operate regular international flights. More than
1,000 airports around the world operate international flights, of which about 650 are
scheduled international flights.
The world's largest airlines in terms of traffic are American Delta Air, Pan American,
United, French Air France, Germany's Lufthansa, British British Airways and others.
Russia's Aeroflot is one of the largest airlines.
At the same time, the international air transport system consists not only of international
air carriers and airports, but also countries connected to and providing international air
lines, as well as international organizations in the field of air transport are taking
measures to ensure its efficient operation and safety.
Currently, the international transport network covers all geographical regions and more
than 150 countries around the world.
Air transport is regulated in three ways:
1) national regulation - licensing of air carriers operating on domestic and international
routes;
2) intergovernmental regulation - when regular flights are based on agreements between
the governments of the respective states;
25
3) international regulation - when setting tariffs for scheduled flights (for airline
members) on the basis of mutual agreements between the airlines participating in the
International Air Transport Association (IATA) or a third party.
One of the types of international air traffic regulation is the creation of a pool that
connects airlines operating on certain international routes.
The Basin Agreement binds airlines operating on the same international routes in order
to optimize flight schedules, reduce routes and regulate passenger flow during peak
hours and periods, as well as increase profits on these routes and distribute them among
airlines.
A pool contract can, as a rule, lead to the elimination of competition in a direction. But
that means retaining the opportunity to participate in on-line transportation for
companies of different sizes. Negotiations are often held between airlines that are not
comparable in pool size to provide the best opportunities to transport them and generate
revenue. Financial arrangements between consolidated carriers typically limit the
maximum amount of revenue that can be transferred from one carrier to another to
reduce the government’s ability to support inefficient carriers. However, pool
agreements are prohibited in some countries (e.g., the United States).
International regulation of air transport is based on international agreements signed
between the countries for many years.
The 1929 Warsaw Convention was the first general agreement between airlines to
ensure that an airline is responsible for the safety of passengers in the event of death,
injury or loss of cargo. (The Montreal Protocol later stipulated that maximum liability
would be revised from time to time due to inflationary processes. Today, the airline’s
maximum liability to passengers is $ 20,000.) is the basis for insurance.
At the 1944 Chicago Convention on Civil Aviation, 80 countries participated in the
debate, and there was an agreement between the states to standardize migration
procedures for air travel. These principles have been adopted to provide the basis for
bilateral agreements between states. The agreement agreed not to regulate charter
flights, which would allow countries to apply individual rules and conditions for the
acceptance and implementation of charter flights.
The 1946 Bermuda Agreement &
nbsp on Anglo-American Transatlantic Flights & nbsp regulated bilateral agreements on
these routes. The Bermuda Agreement was revised in 1977 (and ratified in 1980), and in
1986 the new agreement increased the actual load of roads restricted by two British and
two American carriers across the Atlantic.
26
As air transport occupies an increasingly solid position in the global transportation
system each year, it was necessary to coordinate and regulate it globally. These
problems are dealt with by international aviation organizations. Let’s take a look at the
most well-known and well-known of them.
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is one of the most powerful and
influential structures in the world. IKAO consists of 183 states. ICAO works closely
with other organizations such as the United Nations, the World Meteorological
Organization, the International Telecommunication Union, the Universal Postal Union,
the World Health Organization, and the International Maritime Organization.
The International Air Transport Association - I ATA - was established to coordinate the
activities of global airlines aimed at ensuring the safety and efficiency of air transport in
all regions of the world. Founded in 1919 and reformed in 1945, IATA is a professional
association of international airlines. The main task of the Association is to regulate
international commercial aviation, to introduce uniform rules and procedures for all
members and to set agreed tariffs for passenger transportation on international routes.
Travel agencies participate in the activities of IATA through its special network - the
International Network of Travel Agencies (IATAN), the International Organization of
Airline Agencies and international organizations of civil airports.
There are several forms of interaction between travel companies and airlines in the
organization of tourist travel:
Booking seats and purchasing air tickets through the airline ticketing agency;
- purchase of air tickets through the reservation and reservation system;
- Agreement with the airline on obtaining a quota of seats on regular airlines;
- work as an agency and agency for the sale of air tickets for its tourists;
- organization of charter flights for tourist transport
In order to properly choose the most convenient and useful part of tourist transport, as
well as to properly conclude a contract for the carriage of tourists by air, you need to
know all the features, advantages and disadvantages of this or that type of relationship
with the airline.
Also, the travel agency should know the rules of booking air tickets, working with
airlines promotions, tariffs and discounts.
27
Professional ethics requirements when booking air tickets. To avoid additional
inconvenience for airlines, as well as to facilitate the booking process and improve the
quality of passenger service, travel agencies should follow these simple rules:
Follow standard booking procedures for airlines
- Never book a passenger twice if they can’t determine which flight. Also, never give
him two or more tickets if it is certain that one such passenger will be able to use one.
- Regardless of which direction the passengers are on, try to provide the airline with
emergency telephone numbers for emergency contact with passengers along the route as
much as possible.
- If a passenger changes the route, cancel the relevant reservation immediately by the
airline, as well as cancel other relevant services.
- Strictly follow the terms and procedure for purchasing air tickets required by airlines.
Never issue tickets at a guaranteed location until the warranty has been confirmed by
the appropriate airline
- All seats booked by airlines must be clearly registered and properly documented. The
documents to be drawn up and the copies remaining with the agent must indicate the
flight number, flight date and class, the status of each individual flight (guaranteed /
unsecured seat), the names and surnames of the passengers, as well as their contact
numbers or addresses. Report all deposits in the prescribed form immediately
Always remember that the comfort of passengers and the uninterrupted operation of
other agents and airlines depend on your speed, accuracy and attention.
Seat quota
agreement on regular flights. The number of seats or the number of seats can be hard or
soft. This affects the terms of the contract and the special benefits and discounts. With a
strict quota of seats, all responsibility for not selling the block’s seats rests with the
travel agency, regardless of the reason for the failure. The travel agency faces financial
losses. With soft quotas of places, the conditions for partial waiver of the quota or quota
of places due to non-sale of tourist vouchers of travel agencies are established. These
terms and conditions provide for the possibility of subsequent sale of these seats by the
airline itself or other agents.
The agreement with the airline on obtaining a quota of seats on regular flights includes:
A performance table of the species, indicating the directions for the "there" and "back"
directions;
28
- number of tourists in each group (quota of places);
- Deadline for submission of applications and purchase of air tickets;
- Terms of cancellation of tickets without penalty (soft block);
- Types of tariffs for purchased tickets, discounted tariffs, terms of discounted tariffs;
- discounts and benefits on the quota of places;
- Procedure and conditions for returning purchased but unused tickets, financial liability
arising from the terms of return.
Agency agreement with the airline. In fact, some airlines count all travel companies that
have a quota agreement with them as their agents. However, the agency agreement
works with promotions in its purest form, which simplifies and speeds up the process of
booking and issuing travel tickets when a travel company is able to operate
independently as an airline that sells air tickets (both for tourists and just for sale). The
travel agency itself acts as the airline’s “ticket office,” meaning it issues the tickets itself
and has access to the appropriate computer equipment and the airline’s backup network
(e.g., Gabriel at Aeroflot). This type of work with air tickets is called “work with air
ticket reserves”.
The airline provided by this travel agency has an additional point of sale (one of the
terms of the agency agreement is usually the preferential sale of tickets for these
specific types of airline).
The agency agreement with the airline provides for the
following issues:
Who provides equipment for the issuance of air tickets, air tickets and under what
conditions;
- training of personnel for maintenance of this equipment;
- sales are often determined individually - by the number of monthly tickets (for
example, at least 10/200 tickets per month) or by sales revenue (from 10 to 200
thousand US dollars or more on different airlines);
- possible trade boundaries (by regional or consumer segment);
- at whose price the tickets are sold - at the price of the airline or travel agency (usually
at the price of the airline);
- prices and tariffs for air tickets;
- Terms of payment for air tickets & nbsp prepayment or payment for sale (in some
airlines shareholders prepayment is set for groups of tourists);
- The amount of commission for the sale of air tickets (up to 9% of the sold fare);
29
- the time and frequency of submission of reports by the airline, their form and the
documents required in the application (usually 1-2 times a month);
- the amount of bank guarantees in favor of the airline or in favor of 1ATA (from 20
thousand US dollars);
- Membership in IATA.
In the organization of charter air transport, the customer determines the route with the
airline, the obligations of the parties are discussed with him, the compliance of the lease
agreement with international rules is determined and the cost of the flight is determined.
A special charter agreement is concluded, which provides for the following:
Aircraft type (brand);
- number of places for sale;
- aircraft rental costs;
- route showing departure and departure airports;
- contract period (season, year, etc.);
- regularity of flights;
- the possibility and duration of cancellation (cancellation) of flights and the relevant
sanctions
The peculiarity of the maps is that one full flight (second and final flights - the first
return after the first delivery and the last round there until the last export) is carried out
without tourists: on the last flight the plane takes the last tourists, but does not bring
new ones , because he will no longer be behind them. returns (i.e., there are 11 flights
for 10 tourists to arrive). The N + 1 formula is used here, so most flights during the air
charter program will reduce the cost of a “landing” flight, which will also reduce airfare.
It should be noted that it is true to organize 20 times (with weekly flights) during the
season. However, charter can be launched on a frequency of 2 times a week - after
which the number of flights per season will increase to 40. This significantly reduces
the tariff, but is not available for the luggage of most travel companies. This explains
the emergence of “intermediate” entrepreneurs in the tourist transport market -
wholesalers, who combine large charters in their hands and then distribute them among
small companies in the form of block charters (i.e., 10-30 seats). ). Wholesale tour
operators, as a rule, sell seat blocks in their charter on three options developed: hard,
soft and combined seat blocks.
30
A soft block is more convenient for a travel agency, where the client assumes no
financial responsibility and has the right to relinquish its seat in whole or in part within
a specified time. However, if the refusal is later than the deadline, the customer will
have to pay a fine. Usually soft blocks are rarely used because they are not always
beneficial to the owner (be it an airline or a wholesaler tour operator).
The solid block provides strict contractual obligations under the terms of sale and
payment. The buyer pays in advance, the amount of which usually includes the cost of
two pairs of flights. However, tariffs for hard block implementation are about 5-10%
lower than for soft blocks. In addition, by agreement for a fixed block, the operator and
agent set the price for the entire charter period, which gives sellers a good opportunity
to change prices during the “high” period of the season and at the end of it.
The most common seat for charter flights is called the combined method, which
combines elements of the two options mentioned above. The total number of places
included in the implemented block is divided into two parts in a certain ratio: one of
them on the "hard" system, the other - on the "soft" system.
Often, not one but several tour operators participate as initiators of the charter program.
At the same time, they agree in advance on the terms of the flights.When renting
aircraft, a normal relationship with the airline ensures payment after each flight in
accordance with a contract with a mandatory balance.Charter flights must not contradict
the requirements of the Warsaw International Convention on the Obligations of Carriers
to Passengers.
With the signing of the charter, the airline almost always leaves the tour operator in a
difficult situation. First, an advance payment is required from the company. Regardless
of the maximum size, the airline always requires advance payment for the first and last
flights of the charter cycle. Thus, it insures itself and previously imported tourists from
impossible payments. Payment for flights is agreed in advance and is usually made 7-10
days before the start of the flight. In case of late payment, according to the contract, the
company has the right to impose a fine on the customer or terminate the existing
contractual relationship with him.
All the rules of air transport in our country are regulated by the Air Code of the Russian
Federation of March 19, 1977, as well as a number of international agreements. The
main body coordinating air traffic in Russia is the Federal Air Transport Service
(FSVT).Currently, 315 airlines operate in the air transport market in Russia. Of these,
96 are eligible for scheduled flights and carry 99 percent of air passengers
31
The volume of traffic is not distributed among airlines: eighteen of the largest airlines in
Russia carry 75% of passengers, eight or nine "supergiant" aircraft carry up to 50% of
Russian travelers. The 94 airlines that operate regular flights serve about 23 percent of
passengers. The remaining 276 airlines typically operate one-off flights, accounting for
about 1% of passenger traffic.Aeroflot remains the undisputed leader of the Russian
aviation business. Aeroflot and nbsp. Russian International Airlines is the national flag
carrier of Russia. The company, as a rule, has twice as many customers as the second
number - the production association Domodedovo Airlines.
Recently, Russian airlines have begun to create aviation alliances. For example, in
February 1998, two leading Russian airlines - Aeroflot - Russian International Airlines
and Pulkovo - signed an agreement on a strategic aviation alliance. In the same year,
Aeroflot signed cooperation agreements with Uzbekistan Airways and Armenian
airlines.
In late 1997, Russia's Transaero Airlines and Uzbekistan Airways announced the
merger and coordination of the airline market. The new aviation association was called
the CIS Alliance. Transaero also has code-sharing agreements with the Czech company
CSA on the Moscow-Karlovy Vary line and the Latvian Air Baltic on the Moscow-Riga
route. In February 1999, Transaero and Krasnoyarsk Airlines signed an agreement on
the joint implementation of the Moscow-Krasnoyarsk, Moscow-Norilsk and Moscow-
Krasnoyarsk-Vladivostok routes.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |