Design Procedures: Part 6
275
8.5.5
Variable-volume air-handling system
The VAV system (Fig. 8.59) is based on the principle of matching the
load by varying the air volume supplied to each zone rather than var-
ying the temperature, with the intent of saving fan work energy as
compared with a constant-volume system. As the individual VAV
boxes modulate in response to zone demands, the total system volume
will vary. If the fan volume is not controlled, the static pressure in the
duct system will increase, resulting in noise, lack of control at the
boxes, and the possibility of duct blowout. To overcome this, several
methods of volume control are available. In many cases, the controlled
variable is the static pressure in the duct at some point selected to
provide sufficient pressure at the most remote VAV box. An old rule
of thumb is to locate the sensor two-thirds to three-fourths of the dis-
tance from the fan to the most remote box. In reality, the best location
is from the inlet duct to the most remote box. If this point is satisfied,
all other points in the system will be satisfied. Complete building DDC
systems allow every box condition to be monitored, which allows the
total cfm requirements to be summed and the fan speed adjusted ac-
cordingly. Volume control methods include:
䡲
A modulating damper at the fan discharge. This makes the fan ‘‘ride
up its curve’’ and saves little, if any, fan work energy.
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A bypass from supply to return, with a modulating damper. This
means that the fan is working at constant volume at all times, while
system volume varies. Good control is obtained, but there are no
energy savings.
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Inlet vane dampers. As these dampers modulate, they change the
operating characteristic of the fan (see Chap. 4) and energy is saved.
Inlet vanes pose an energy penalty as an added resistance to airflow.
A cone, which can be moved in and out at the fan inlet to vary the
flow, has a similar effect on the inlet vane damper.
䡲
Mechanical variable-speed drives. As described in Sec. 8.3.3.3, these
systems save energy because of the physical law which states that
the fan (or pump) horsepower varies as the cube of the speed. This
savings is not fully realized because of mechanical losses in the sys-
tems.
䡲
Electronic (solid-state) variable-frequency speed controllers. As de-
scribed in Sec. 8.3.3.3, variable-frequency drives are used for fans,
pumps, and chiller compressors. One of the largest of such systems
is used with a 5000-hp motor driving a chiller compressor at the
Dallas-Fort Worth airport. Energy use varies as the cube of the
speed, although there are some losses in the electric circuits.
Design Procedures: Part 6
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