Chapter 4: The American Revolution and Aftermath Key people, events, documents and terms

Name ________________________________________ Date _______________ Period______

Chapter 4: The American Revolution and Aftermath

Key people, events, documents and terms
People: Explain each person/group’s role in the war and/or the aftermath of the war

Mercenaries and Hessians-

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Militia-

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________Whigs-

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________Tories-

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________Continental Army-

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (Regulars, Red Coats) British Army-

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________Sunshine Patriots-

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________Minute Men-

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________George Washington _________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paul Revere

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Ben Franklin

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________Marquis de Lafayette

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

John Adams

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________Martha Washington

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________Sam Adams _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Abigail Adams

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________John Hancock

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________Nathanael Greene

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________Alexander Hamilton

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________Caesar Rodney

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________Thomas Jefferson

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________Henry Knox

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________George Rogers Clark

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________Betsy Ross

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________Nathan Hale

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________Thomas Pain

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________Francis Marion

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Patrick Henry

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Sybil Ludington

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________John Jay

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________John Paul Jones

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________James Madison

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________James Monroe

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________Ethan Allen

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________Phillis Wheatley

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________Benedict Arnold

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________Deborah Sampson

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________Molly Pitcher

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________Baron Von Steuben

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Events: Explain essentials of what happened and the outcome

First Continental Congress

October 1774- meeting of colonial leaders who were troubled about the relationship between the colonies and Great Britain.

Second Continental Congress

May 1775- 2^nd group of delegates who met in Philadelphia after the war had begun to manage the war effort.

Battle of Long Island-

August 27, 1776- first major battle of the war after the US declaration of Independence- largest battle of conflict.

Battle of Trenton-

December 1776- New York- Christmas night- Patriots surprised Hessians in the middle of the night- took 900 prisoners.

Battle of Princeton-

January 3, 1777- Washington defeated British forces in New Jersey.

Battle of Brandywine-

September 11, 1777- British snuck up on and defeated American forces and forced them to withdraw to Philadelphia.

Battle of Germantown-

October 4, 1777- British defeated Washington and his forces in Pennsylvania (20 mins north of here). British took control of Philadelphia for the winter of 1777.

Battle of Saratoga-

September 19 and October 7, 1777- turning point in the war- battle fought in Saratoga, New York. First battle was a British victory where the second battle was an American victory and the British surrendered on October 17.

Battle of Monmouth-

June 28, 1778- battle fought in New Jersey considered a draw (tie) but a victory in the long-term for the Americans.

Battle of Yorktown-

October 19, 1781- General George Washington's defeat of Lord Cornwallis's British army; causing the British to surrender and effectively ending the American Revolutionary War.

Places: Describe where they are and why they were significant to the war

Valley Forge-

in southeastern Pennsylvania was the site of the military camp of the American Continental Army over the winter of 1777–1778 during the American Revolutionary War.

Hudson River-

Approximately a third of the battles were fought along the River's shores. The River was central to the British strategy of dividing the New England states from the other colonies. They attempted to control the River by advancing north from Manhattan and south from Canada. While successful in their advance up the River, capturing Forts Montgomery and Clinton and burning Kingston (then the provincial capital of New York), the British advancing from the north were defeated at the decisive Battle of Saratoga in 1777, thus frustrating the British plan to control the Hudson.
Delaware River-

Washington's crossing of the Delaware River, which occurred on the night of December 25–26, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War, was the first move in a surprise attack organized by George Washington against the Hessian forces in the Battle at Trenton.

Chesapeake Bay-

September 1781—Battle of the Chesapeake. French Navy cut off British (Royal) Navy and prevented the Royal Navy from reinforcing or evacuating the blockaded forces of General Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown. Led directly to the Cornwallis’ defeat at Yorktown and the end of the Revolutionary War.

Charlestown-

Following the battles of Concord and Lexington on April 19, 1775, the British head toward Charlestown in retreat, and most townspeople fled when they heard the news.  Two months later, on June 17, the Battle of Bunker Hill was fought in Charlestown.  Although the battle was actually fought on nearby Breed's Hill, the plan had been to engage the British on Bunker Hill, and the name stuck.

Philadelphia-

Pennsylvania; seat of the Revolutionary government, continental congresses, and signing of the Declaration of Independence.

New York City-

The area around New York City was the location for multiple battles of the American Revolutionary War, including the largest battle of the war: the Battle at Long Island

Boston-

Several early battles of the American Revolution, such as the Battle of Bunker Hill and the Siege of Boston (Battles of Lexington and Concord), occurred within the city and surrounding areas.
Documents: Describe the document and why it was important

Olive Branch Petition-

It was the colonies last attempt to avoid war with Great Britain. It was drafted at the First Continental Congress and denied by King George III.

Declaration of Independence-

A statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies, then at war with Great Britain, regarded themselves as independent states, and no longer a part of the British Empire.

Articles of Confederation-

An agreement among the 13 founding states that legally established the United States of America as a confederation of sovereign states and served as its first constitution.

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom-

Law passed in VA in 1777—supported by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison—it became the basis for the first amendment to the US Constitution. (Freedom of religion)

Northwest Ordinance-

1787 put the world on notice not only that the land north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi would be settled but that it would eventually become part of the United States. Until then this area had been temporarily forbidden to development.

Treaty of Paris-

Signed September 3, 1783, it officially ended the Revolutionary War.

Other Terms:

Monopoly-

Exclusive control over a market

Tyranny-

Absolute power.

Democracy-

Government by the people.

Committee of Correspondence-

The Committees of Correspondence were formed throughout the colonies as a means of coordinating action against Great Britain.

Guerrilla Warfare-

Small groups of armed combatants use irregular tactics to harass or disarm a larger army.

Common Sense-

Published in 1776, Common Sense challenged the authority of the British government and the royal monarchy. The plain language that Paine used spoke to the common people of America and was the first work to openly ask for independence from Great Britain.


The American Crisis-

A series of pamphlets published from 1776 to 1783 during the American Revolution by 18th century Enlightenment philosopher and author Thomas Paine. The first volume begins with the famous words "These are the times that try men's souls". They encouraged colonists during the war effort.

Redoubt-

Fort system where there were defensive systems outside of the forts.

Cavalry-

Army on horses

Artillery-

Weapons

Grapeshot-

A type of shot that is not a one solid element, but a mass of small metal balls or slugs packed tightly into a canvas bag. It was effective on a tightly packed army at short range.

Bayonet-

A spiked blade under the muzzle of a rifle or musket used for close combat.

Blockade-

Obstructing progress, preventing entrance or exit.