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287h
).
Direct object + object complement (adjective)
287a
Many common verbs may be used with a direct object (in green in the examples
below) followed by an adjective phrase acting as object complement (underlined
in the examples below). These include:
I must keep
dad’s dinner
warm.
The whole of mankind makes
me
angry.
We found
the garden
slightly disappointing.
Direct object + object complement (noun)
287b
Some verbs may be followed by a direct object (in green in the examples below)
and a noun phrase object complement (underlined in the examples below).
call
consider
declare
drive
find
get
hold
keep
leave
like
make
prefer
send
think
turn
want
advise
ask
beg
challenge
command
direct
forbid
implore
instruct
invite
order
persuade
recommend
remind
request
teach
tell
urge
Û
539 Glossary for any unfamiliar terms
Verb complementation | 523
In the sentence He made her a cake, her is the indirect object and a cake is the
direct object. In the sentence He made her a rich woman, her and a rich woman
refer to the same person; a rich woman is the object complement.
Verbs which can be followed by a direct object and a noun phrase object
complement include:
If I never saw them again, I would not consider
it
a loss.
They declared
the festival
a great success.
You will, I think, find
it
a comfort in the years ahead.
You’ve done these different things and it has made
you
a slightly different
person.
Direct object + to-infinitive clause
287c
A number of verbs may be used with a direct object (in green in the examples
below) followed by a to-infinitive clause acting as the object complement
(underlined in the examples below). These verbs include:
allow
announce
appoint
assume
believe
condemn
consider
declare
elect
enable
encourage
entitle
equip
expect
feel
find
force
get
help
imagine
inspire
intend
know
lead
mean
oblige
permit
presume
proclaim
prompt
reckon
report
require
suppose
take
think
tip
understand
appoint
baptize
call
christen
consider
crown
declare
deem
elect
find
hold
keep
leave
make
name
proclaim
pronounce
rate
think
vote
524 | Verb complementation
Cambridge Grammar of English
Heathcote Williams quite simply loathes the automobile. He believes
it
to be
the world’s prime source of disease, pollution and war and a destroyer of mind,
nature and morality.
[Pickfords is a removal company]
A Pickfords van ploughed its way past me en route from Cadiz to Marbella. I
imagined
it
to be transporting a retired English couple’s belongings.
She had never intended
her work
to cause such controversy.
These constructions can be paralleled in the passive voice, especially with
reporting verbs:
He is believed to have arrived in Moscow in the last two weeks.
It has been known to happen.
The polluted waters were reported to be moving out to sea.
Direct object + infinitive clause without to
287d
Verbs followed by a direct object (in green in the examples below) and an
infinitive clause without to (underlined in the examples below) include:
I had
him
mend that fence for me.
There’s a law firm that will help
you
make a claim against the travel agent if
you’ve had a bad holiday.
Hilary used to come down here and watch
me
bake cakes.
Direct object + -ing clause
287e
Verbs followed by a direct object (in green in the examples below) and an -ing
clause (underlined in the examples below) include:
catch
discover
feel
find
get
have
hear
leave
notice
observe
overhear
see
smell
spot
watch
feel
have
hear
help
let
make
notice
overhear
see
watch
Û
539 Glossary for any unfamiliar terms
Verb complementation | 525
I found
her
bathing the baby, which was lovely.
At ten o’clock every Friday they’d hear
someone
walking up the stairs.
My next-door neighbour actually said to me that the girl next door to her had
overheard
them
talking about breaking into this house on the corner.
Verbs of perception with -ing or infinitive without to
287f
Feel, hear, overhear, notice, see and watch may be used with - ing or the infinitive without to.
When used with -ing, the emphasis is on the action or event in progress; when used with the
infinitive without to, the emphasis is on the action or event seen as a whole, or as
completed:
Jeff saw something going on, so he ran out.
(emphasis is on the event in progress at that moment)
(preferred to: Jeff saw something go on, so he ran out.)
The girl next door to her had overheard them talking about breaking into this house on
the corner.
(she heard the conversation in progress, but probably not the whole conversation)
I’ve not heard him mention Glasgow yet.
(emphasis on the event as a whole, or absence of it)
In the airport I walked from the coffee bar without paying the bill after I saw a mouse
run unseen by anyone across the bar top.
(emphasis on the whole, completed event)
Direct object + -ed clause
287g
The following verbs may occur with a direct object (in green in the examples
below) plus -ed (-ed participle) clause (underlined in the examples below):
I keep meaning to get
it
fixed.
He had
a few things
stolen.
They want
him
buried there.
A–Z
51 Make; 75 Want
Direct object + prepositional complement of time or place (locative)
287h
Some verbs, especially verbs of placement and direction, take a direct object (in
green in the examples below) and a prepositional phrase locating the object in
terms of time or place (locative complement) (underlined in the examples below).
Such verbs include:
feel (oneself)
find
get
have
leave
like
need
want
526 | Verb complementation
Cambridge Grammar of English
Edith led
her
through her own front door.
Did you put
your stuff
in our bedroom?
He took
me
to a club in Manchester.
COPULAR COMPLEMENTATION
288
Copular verbs
288a
Copular verbs describe states (e.g. appear, be, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste)
or changing states/results (e.g. become, get, go, grow, turn out).
Copular verbs link subjects with subject complements. Subject complements
may be adjective phrases, noun phrases, adverb phrases or prepositional phrases.
Adjective phrase complements
288b
Adjective phrase complements (in green) of copular verbs are very common:
●
State:
They don’t seem
very happy
up there, you know.
He was
too clever
for them.
It looked
a bit big
.
●
Change of state/result:
Leeds city centre has become
better
.
What makes them go
pink
?
It always turns out
black
.
●
Adjective complements and collocation:
Some adjective complements collocate strongly with particular verbs, and the
verb has a similar function to a copular verb:
We fell
silent
as we tried to understand what he was saying.
He just lay
flat
on the bed, without moving.
They won’t succeed. Oh no. We’ll stand
firm
.
Other expressions of this kind include blush red, die young, freeze solid, keep
quiet, lie awake, loom large, slam shut.
bring
drive
lay
lead
place
put
send
set
show
stand
take
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