that we could talk to each other about anything and that
we’d be there for each other
.
Wh-clause as direct object
285c
Many of the verbs which are used with that-clauses (
Û
285b
) may also be used
with wh-clauses as direct objects. The most common verbs of this type are:
anticipate
arrange
ascertain
ask
care
check
choose
confirm
consider
decide
depend
discover
discuss
doubt
enquire
establish
explain
find out
forget
guess
hear
imagine
inquire
judge
know
learn
mind
notice
observe
predict
512 | Verb complementation
Cambridge Grammar of English
Could I possibly ask
why you’re unable to attend
?
You have to decide
whether or not you want it
.
I’ll just find out
who you need to speak to
.
Nobody can predict
what’s going to happen in life
.
[tell here means predict]
You can never tell
what he’s going to do next
.
Wh-clause with infinitive as direct object
285d
Many of the verbs which can be followed by a wh-clause (
Û
285c
) can also be
followed by a wh-clause with to-infinitive. The most common verbs are:
Can you explain
how to use this machine
?
I’m just wondering
what to say to you
.
The committee reports to the Head of Department, who can then choose
whether to take action
.
Non-finite clause with or without a new subject
285e
Non-finite -ing clauses and to-infinitive clauses occur as direct objects. The
non-finite clause may occur with or without a new subject.
●
Same subject for verb and complement clause:
She’s regretted
selling the house
.
I’d hate
to swim in the Thames
.
arrange
ask
check
choose
consider
decide
discover
discuss
enquire
establish
explain
find out
forget
imagine
inquire
judge
know
learn
notice
observe
remember
say
see
show
tell
think
wonder
prove
realise
remember
say
see
show
tell
think
wonder
Û
539 Glossary for any unfamiliar terms
Verb complementation | 513
●
Different subject in complement clause:
Didn’t he
like
you to sit in the room
?
[a little sip means a small amount of a drink]
You don’t
mind
me having a little sip, do you
?
Note that the new subject is in the object form. (
Û
also
285f
)
Verbs normally only followed by -ing
285f
A number of common, everyday verbs are normally only followed by the -ing form
as opposed to the infinitive:
Haven’t you finished packing yet?
(Haven’t you finished to pack yet?)
They keep changing the timetable and it confuses everybody.
(They keep to change …)
I fancy doing some evening classes.
(I fancy to do some evening classes.)
The most common verbs only followed by -ing are:
1
Can’t help may also be followed by but plus the base form of the verb: You
couldn’t help but laugh at it.
2
In the meaning of ‘think about doing something’: Have you considered
contacting Mr Stanfield?
admit
adore
appreciate
avoid
burst out (e.g.
laughing)
can’t help
1
commence
consider
2
contemplate
defer
delay
deny
detest
dislike
dread
endure
enjoy
(can) face
fancy
feel like
finish
give up
imagine
involve
keep (on)
lie
loathe
mention
mind
miss
object
postpone
practise
prevent
put off
recall
report
resent
risk
sit
stand (be on one’s feet)
can’t stand (can’t bear)
suggest
514 | Verb complementation
Cambridge Grammar of English
I really appreciated
having met them all before
.
He accepted that he had been abusive but denied
threatening to kill the
barman
.
I don’t really feel like
going out tonight
.
Fewer students from poor backgrounds will be put off
going to university
.
A different subject may occur with some of these verbs. If it is a pronoun, the new
subject is in the object form:
I can just
imagine
him saying that
.
I didn’t mind
them playing in my garden
.
Do you
miss
him being around
?
In formal styles, the new subject may occur as a possessive form:
You mean she would
object to
his coming here
if she knew?
(less formal: … object to him coming here …)
Hate, like, love and prefer
285g
Hate, like, love and prefer can be followed either by - ing or by a to-infinitive. The
difference in meaning is often not great, but -ing emphasises the action or event in
itself, while the infinitive places the emphasis more on the results of the action or
event.
The - ing form often implies enjoyment (or lack of it), and the infinitive is often
used for expressing preferences:
I really like my teacher and I like my class. I like being in year five.
(emphasis on the process itself and enjoyment of it)
I like home-made soup. I like to make a panful and then it lasts me a couple of days.
(emphasis more on result and the habit or preference)
However, when these verbs are used with would or should, only the infinitive is
used, not the -ing form:
I would like to go to Spain, or somewhere else, such as Italy.
(I would like going to Spain …)
✪
In the case of prefer, if alternatives are stated, they are linked by the preposition
to, not infinitive to:
Would you prefer writing
to
telephoning if you wanted to put something
across?
(Would you prefer writing to telephone if you wanted to put something
across?)
Û
539 Glossary for any unfamiliar terms
Verb complementation | 515
Verbs with -ing or to-infinitive clauses and changes of meaning
285h
Some verbs have a different meaning depending on whether they are followed by
-ing or to-infinitive. These include forget, go on, mean, need, regret, remember,
stop, try, want.
Remember and forget with the infinitive refer to necessary actions and whether
they are done or not:
I must remember to ask the secretary for his phone number.
Oh, what I forgot to bring was the candle.
With -ing they refer to memories of the past:
Do you remember going to that place in Manchester?
(Do you remember when we went to that place …?)
I’ll never forget landing at Hong Kong airport for the first time.
(I’ll never forget when we landed …)
Examples of contrasts in meaning between -ing and to-infinitive
verb
-ing
to-infinitive
go on
She went on sleeping as the sun crept
Some people do go on to have two, three, or
up. (she was sleeping, and continued)
even four face-lifts but this is rare. (after
they have had the first face-lift, they then
have a second, etc.)
mean
Getting the earlier flight means leaving
I didn’t mean to offend her. (intend to
here at 6. (involves/necessitates leaving
offend her)
here at 6)
regret
You’re really regretting volunteering now,
However, I regret to say that I think his
aren’t you? (you are sorry for what has
judgments on the EC … ought not to be so
already happened)
readily accepted. (polite form meaning: I
am sorry for what I am about to say/do)
stop
Stop saying sorry! (you are saying sorry all Now and then, one of the players stopped to
the time; do not do it any longer)
light his pipe. (stopped playing in order to
light his pipe)
try
[about an alarm clock that does not seem
I will try to remember not to disturb you.
to work] Try re-setting it. (re-set it as an
(I will attempt not to disturb you)
experiment, to see if it works)
Infinitive clause without a new subject
285i
The most common verbs which may be followed by an infinitive clause without a
new subject are:
516 | Verb complementation
Cambridge Grammar of English
afford
agree
aim
arrange
ask
attempt
(can’t) bear
begin
choose
claim
continue
decide
demand
fail
forget
They couldn’t afford
to put the heating on
.
But they are unlikely to forgive the company for failing
to warn them so many
things could go wrong
.
I managed
to make it sound a lot better than it was
.
Well, Laura, I can’t promise
to be up at four or five in the morning
.
To-infinitive clause with a new subject
285j
Choose, hate, like, love, need, prefer and want are the most common verbs which
may be followed by a new subject + to-infinitive clause. If it is a pronoun, the new
subject is in the object form:
She’d hate
me to remember just that sort of thing
.
They just wanted
us to be happy
.
-ing clause with a new subject
285k
Hate, like, love, mind and remember are the most common verbs which may be
followed by a new subject + -ing clause. If it is a pronoun, the new subject is in
the object form:
I used to love
him coming to visit us
.
I can remember
them asking me to carry a bottle of water
.
VERB + INDIRECT OBJECT + DIRECT OBJECT (DITRANSITIVE COMPLEMENTATION)
286
Ditransitive complementation refers to combinations of direct and indirect
objects, and direct objects and oblique complements (
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