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1 Monotransitive:
verb + direct object
2 Ditransitive:
verb + indirect object and direct object
verb + direct object + prepositional phrase (the transitive-oblique construction;
Û
286e
)
3 Complex transitive:
verb + direct object + object complement
verb + direct object + locative complement
4 Copular:
copular verb (e.g. be, look, seem) + subject complement
1 Monotransitive complementation
examples (direct object in green)
structures
I love
fish
.
noun phrase as direct object
He thinks
[that] I’m right
.
that-clause as direct object
We understand
what you’re saying
.
wh-clause as direct object; wh-clause with
How did you know
who to write to
?
to-infinitive as direct object
They decided
to buy it
.
non-finite clause as direct object (to-infinitive or
We love
buying old furniture
.
-ing clause, depending on verb)
2 Ditransitive complementation
examples (direct object in green, indirect
structures
object etc. underlined)
She gave me
her email address
.
noun phrases as indirect and direct objects
We told her
[that] she couldn’t have them
.
noun phrase as indirect object + that-clause as
direct object
Oh, don’t ask me
what it is
.
noun phrase as indirect object + wh-clause as
direct object
I offered
my condolences
to the family.
noun phrase as direct object + prepositional
phrase as oblique complement
Who taught
you
to play the guitar?
noun phrase as direct object + to-infinitive
clause
508 | Verb complementation
Cambridge Grammar of English
3 Complex transitive complementation
examples (direct object in green, complement underlined)
structures
It used to
drive
me
crazy.
noun phrase as direct object + adjective phrase
as object complement
She used to call
her
Aunt Susie.
noun phrase as direct object + noun phrase as
object complement
I certainly believe
it
to be very rare.
noun phrase as direct object + to-infinitive
clause as object complement
I heard
her
scream.
noun phrase as direct object + infinitive without
to as object complement
I noticed
them
doing that.
noun phrase as direct object + -ing clause as
object complement
Let’s get
this stuff
washed.
noun phrase as direct object + -ed clause as
object complement
You could put
the water
in a bottle.
noun phrase as direct object + prepositional
phrase as locative complement
4 Copular complementation
examples (complement underlined)
structures
It seems silly.
adjective phrase as subject complement
She’s my cousin.
noun phrase as subject complement
My husband’s office is upstairs.
adverb phrase as subject complement
It was on the floor.
prepositional phrase as subject complement
The next sections,
285–288, deal with these types of complementation.
VERB + DIRECT OBJECT (MONOTRANSITIVE COMPLEMENTATION)
285
When a verb requires a direct object, the structure is called monotransitive
complementation.
The direct object is typically a noun phrase, but it may also be a clause.
When the direct object is a pronoun, the object form (me, you, him, her, it, us,
them) is used.
●
Noun phrase as direct object:
I took
the last piece of bread
.
Do you remember
her
from last year?
●
Clause as direct object:
I’ve heard
(that) you’re retiring
.
You always know
what I’m thinking
.
I can’t remember
if it was last month or the month before
.
I remember
staying a couple of nights in the village
.
Û
539 Glossary for any unfamiliar terms
Verb complementation | 509
Monotransitive complementation and voice: active and passive
285a
Most verbs which can be used with a direct object in the active voice may also be
used in the passive.
Examples of monotransitive verbs in active and passive voice
active
passive
The postman brought it and apologised.
Our luggage was brought to the hotel.
Do you want to keep the menu?
Random access memory is a temporary storage
area where information is kept while the
computer is on.
I’ve just started a camera course at university.
The fire was started deliberately.
The most common verbs of this type are:
Fit, have, lack, resemble and suit do not allow the passive construction:
I had
a weird dream
.
(A weird dream was had (by me).)
That suits
you
.
(You’re suited by that.)
The passive voice gives the speaker/writer the option of omitting reference to the
agent of an action. Thus the passive voice alternative of the following newspaper
headline presents two options:
P
RIME
M
INI STER ANNOUNCES NEW IMMIG RATION RESTRICTIONS
(active)
begin
believe
bring
call
carry
close
cut
do
end
enjoy
expect
feel
find
follow
hear
help
hold
keep
know
like
lose
love
make
mean
meet
move
need
pass
receive
remember
say
see
start
study
take
use
visit
want
wash
watch
win
510 | Verb complementation
Cambridge Grammar of English
N
EW IMMIG RATION RESTRICTIONS ANNOUNCED BY
P
RIME
M
INI STER
(passive with agent phrase)
N
EW IMMIG RATION RESTRICTIONS ANNOUNCED
(passive with agent omitted)
Û
also
481 Agent phrases and 482 Passives without an agent phrase
That-clause as direct object
285b
A class of verbs with reporting functions connected with speech and thought can
occur with that-clauses as direct object. The most common verbs are:
I couldn’t accept
that he was never going to come back
.
Some of the girls complained yesterday
that we’re not cleaning the inside of the
fridges
.
accept
admit
agree
announce
argue
assume
believe
bet
check
claim
comment
complain
conclude
confess
confirm
consider
decide
deny
discover
doubt
expect
explain
feel
find
forget
gather
guarantee
guess
hear
hint
hold
hope
imagine
imply
infer
insist
know
learn
mean
mention
notice
predict
presume
pretend
promise
protest
prove
realise
recall
reckon
recognise
remark
remember
repeat
reply
report
say
see
show
state
suggest
suppose
suspect
swear
think
understand
warn
write
Û
539 Glossary for any unfamiliar terms
Verb complementation | 511
I’d forgotten
that you’d rung somebody up
.
Her therapist held
that it was natural and healthy for human beings to assume
that bad things happened only to other people in remote areas
.
So, every time, I remark
that he’s losing weight
.
I can understand
that she must have felt she was under some pressure
.
That is very frequently omitted in such constructions, especially in informal
spoken language. Omission of that is particularly common after think:
I think
he’s bored with his job
.
Omission of that is also common where the subject of the reporting clause and the
reported clause are the same:
The guy
now claims
he
didn’t do it.
I
hope
I
’ve got the right size. It looked a bit big.
He
reckons
he
’s made a mistake.
There is a tendency to retain that in more formal contexts. The retention of that is
especially evident when the reporting verb is in the passive, and in coordinated
reported clauses:
[from a book about volcanoes]
In chapter three it was mentioned
that the effect of getting large volumes of
water mixed up in a volcanic eruption is to make it more violent
.
We knew very quickly
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