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The present perfect  

144d

Citing

Citing with the present perfect simple is similar to the use of the present simple form

(

Û

144b

), and can sometimes occur as an alternative to the present simple, but the

present perfect is especially used to emphasise current relevance or continuing debate:

Berg and Hudson (ch. 6; Hudson 1989) 

have emphasised that modern factories

need not have been large, yet the factories nonetheless were closely divided in

their labour.

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Cambridge Grammar of English

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Schneirla (1966) 

has used the concept of ‘experience’ to mean all kinds of

stimulative effects from the environment.

Recapitulating

The present perfect simple is used to summarise or recapitulate points or arguments

in the discourse up to a particular moment, especially in concluding sections:

What is more, the qualitative analyses in this chapter 

have illustrated crucial

aspects of the lexical characteristics of everyday spoken language, and although

we 

have argued against over-generalisation from one-off analyses, it is true that

one does not need much data to see the same features constantly recurring. 

[literary stylistics seminar]

But of course we 

have talked about the shape of the poem and that’s where I

want to go next. So if you have a look on the next sheet. We

’ve talked about

lexis. We

’ve talked about morphology so far, and what we’re looking at now is

graphology. That is the actual shape on the page.