Cambridge Grammar of English Hardback with cd-rom a comprehensive Guide

Û

106–110

); stance

markers, which express speakers’ attitudes and positions (

Û

111

); hedges, which

enable speakers to make their utterances less assertive (

Û

112

); and common

interjections, which encode speakers’ affective reactions (

Û

113

). The chapter

then considers taboo language (

Û

114

), and greetings and farewells (

Û

115

), 

and examines vocatives and other aspects of personal address (

Û

117–118

).

Lastly, the chapter returns to a focus on the differences between speech and

writing and the notion of standards, concluding with a look at how the 

grammars of speech and writing are becoming blended in new forms 

of electronic communication (

Û

119–122

).

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