Brief contents of the course

It was easy to do so. There are a few mistakes in your paper. There were no seats at all. Here comes the most important period.
It and there (here) in such syntactic structures are generally called anticipatory or introductory subjects.
Introductory it is used with the following models: It (be, look, get, grow) strange, necessary, easy) to V, to VP, to be Part, A (It was strange to be hated., truthful), for N/NP to V/VP, Ving (It’s no use telling him about it.), relative clause It is most pleasant that she has already come.
There in such patterns is often referred to as a function word, and this is not devoid of some logical foundation. It is pronounced with weak or tertiary stress, which distinguishes it from the adverb there having primary or secondary stress. There is sometimes called a temporary subject filling the subject position in place of the true subject, which follows the verb. This interpretation seems to have been borne out by the fact that the verb frequently shows concord with the following noun, as in:There is a botanical garden in our town. There were only three of us.
There comes his joy.

Glossary of linguistic terms:

1. 
   introductory, anticipatory – формальное подлежащее, представляющее логическое подлежащее
   

2. inversion – инверсия, нестандартное расположение членов предложения
3. agent – агенс, совершающий действие
4. patient – пациенс – объект, на который направлено действие
5. beneficiary - - бенефициарий, объект, для которого совершается действие
6. natural force – природное явление
7.nominative – номинатив, объект описания

Additional reading:

1. 
   стр. 198-200
   
2. 
   стр. 190-192
   
3. 
   –
   
4. 
   –
   
5. 
   стр. 317-319
   

XXXX. Predicate

In terms of modern linguistics, the predicate is defined as the 1C of the sentence presented by a finite-form of the verb, if even in its zero-alternant. (elliptical sentences)
Besides the function of predication the predicate also has the linking function, of linking semantically the subject with the right side of the verbal surrounding – the object and the adverbial.
Various criteria of classifying different kind of predicate have been set up by grammarians. The common definition of the predicate in terms of modern linguistics is that it is a more or less complex structure with the verb or verb-phrase at its core. This is perfectly reasonable and in point of fact agrees with the advice of traditional grammars to identify a predicate by looking for the verb. The sentence, indeed, almost always exists for the sake of expressing by means of a verb, an action, state or being. The verb which is always in key position is the heart of the matter and certain qualities of the verb in any language determine important elements in the structural meaning of the predicate. To begin with, the predicate may be composed of a word, a phrase or an entire clause. When it is a notional word (including analytical forms), it is naturally not only structural but the notional predicate as well. It is simple predicate.
If it is made up of more than one word it is called compound. In terms of complementation, predicates are classified into verbal (time presses, birds fly, the moon rose, etc.) and nominal (is happy, felt strong, got cool, grew old). \
The two types of predicates in active syntax may be diagrammed as follows:
A. Verbal Predicate Simple Tastes differ.
Compound One must do one's duty.
B. Nominal Predicate
Simple What a beautiful picture!
Compound The picture was beautiful. He may be angry with me.
Another type of sentence with a simple nominal predicate is that in which the predicative comes first, the subject next, and no link verb is either used or possible. Such sentences seem to occur chiefly in colloquial style, for instance: "Splendid game, cricket," remarked Mr Barbecue-Smith heartily to no one in particular; "so thoroughly English" This is a sentence with a simple nominal predicate. There is inversion, no article with the predicative noun, and the style is very colloquial. The phrase representing the rheme comes first, and after it comes the word representing the theme. That it is the theme is made quite clear by the preceding context. Priscilla, the mistress of the house, is reading a newspaper at breakfast: "I see Surrey won," she said, with her mouth full, "by four wickets. The sun is in Leo: that would account for it!" Although the word cricket is not mentioned, it is quite evident, from the words Surrey (which here denotes a cricket team), won and wickets, that she has been reading about the latest cricket match. The latter part of Mr Barbecue-Smith's speech, so thoroughly English, adds another predicative to the first, splendid game, and also with no link verb to it. If changed into the usual compound nominal predicate pattern, the sentence would run: "Cricket is a splendid game; it is so thoroughly English"; the meaning would be quite the same as in the original sentence but the specific colloquial colouring would be gone altogether.