Branches of linguistics. Synchronic vs diachronic approaches to the language study. Lexicology – ‘the science of the word’ Lexicon

Productive means:

Affixation

Word-composition

conversion

shortening

Non-productive means:

back-formation

onomatopoeia

sound and stress interchange

sentence condensation
Affixation. Classifications of affixes. Productive and non-productive affixes, dead and living affixes.

Affixation (progressive derivation) is the formation of words by adding derivational affixes to stems.

Prefixation is the formation of words with the help of prefixes; does not change part of speech; is more typical of verb-formation (42%), e.g. a pretest, to coexist, to undo, impossible, asleep, to rewrite etc.

Suffixation is the formation of words with the help of suffixes; can change part of speech; is characteristic of noun-, adjective- and adverb-formation, e.g. an employee, childish, quietly, to specify etc.

Synchronic vs diachronic differentiation of affixes:

living affixes are easily separated from the stem, e.g. re-, -ful, -ly, un-, -ion, de- etc.;

dead affixes have become fully merged with the stem and can be singled out by a diachronic analysis of the development of the word, e.g. admit < Lat. ad+mittere;

Productive vs non-productive affixes: